6. a) EU–China Relations
Introduction
The European Union (EU) and China share a complex and evolving relationship shaped by economic interdependence, trade partnerships, political disagreements, and strategic competition. While the EU is China’s largest trading partner, and China is the EU’s second-largest trading partner, there are tensions over human rights, trade imbalances, and security concerns. The relationship is often described as a “strategic partnership with systemic rivalry.”
Key Aspects of EU–China Relations
1. Economic and Trade Relations
- The EU and China trade over €900 billion worth of goods annually.
- The EU exports machinery, pharmaceuticals, and luxury goods to China.
- China exports electronics, steel, and industrial products to the EU.
- The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) was negotiated in 2020 but is currently on hold due to political tensions.
2. Political and Strategic Competition
- The EU criticizes China’s human rights record (e.g., treatment of Uyghurs, Hong Kong policies).
- China opposes EU interference in its internal affairs, leading to diplomatic tensions.
- The EU sees China as a “partner, competitor, and systemic rival”, balancing cooperation with caution.
3. Technology and Digital Policies
- The EU has restricted Chinese telecom companies (e.g., Huawei) from 5G networks, citing security concerns.
- China views EU data protection laws (GDPR) as barriers to digital trade.
4. Climate and Environmental Cooperation
- Both sides work together on climate policies and renewable energy.
- China and the EU remain committed to the Paris Climate Agreement.
Challenges in EU–China Relations
- Human rights concerns and diplomatic tensions.
- EU dependence on Chinese imports, especially rare earth minerals and electronics.
- Security concerns over China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Europe.
Conclusion: EU-China relations are economically strong but politically fragile, requiring careful diplomacy to balance trade with strategic interests.
6. b) Explain the Procedure for Decision-Making in the EU and Its Institutions
Introduction
The European Union (EU) decision-making process is unique, as it involves multiple institutions working together to create, debate, and implement laws. The process ensures democratic legitimacy, transparency, and efficiency, balancing the interests of EU citizens, member states, and supranational bodies.
Key Institutions Involved in EU Decision-Making
- European Commission (Executive Body)
- Proposes new laws, policies, and regulations.
- Ensures the implementation of EU laws across member states.
- European Parliament (Legislative Body)
- Represents EU citizens (directly elected by voters).
- Debates, amends, and votes on laws alongside the Council of the EU.
- Council of the European Union (Ministerial Council)
- Represents national governments of EU countries.
- Works with the Parliament to approve or reject EU laws.
- European Council (Heads of State and Government)
- Sets the political direction of the EU.
- Decides on key issues like foreign policy and economic strategies.
EU Law-Making Process: The Ordinary Legislative Procedure (Co-Decision Process)
1. Proposal Stage (European Commission)
- The European Commission drafts a new law.
- The proposal is sent to the European Parliament and the Council of the EU.
2. First Reading (European Parliament and Council of the EU)
- The European Parliament debates, amends, and votes on the proposal.
- The Council of the EU reviews and approves, rejects, or amends the proposal.
3. Second Reading (Further Review and Amendments)
- If the Parliament and Council disagree, they suggest modifications.
- If they agree, the law is adopted.
4. Conciliation and Final Adoption
- If disagreements remain, a Conciliation Committee is formed to resolve them.
- Once approved, the law is published in the Official Journal of the EU and implemented by member states.
Other Decision-Making Processes in the EU
- Special Legislative Procedure: Used for areas like taxation and foreign policy, requiring unanimous approval from all member states.
- Delegated Acts and Implementing Acts: Allow the European Commission to make technical changes without new legislation.
Conclusion
The EU’s decision-making process is complex but ensures transparency and participation from multiple stakeholders. The co-decision process strengthens democratic legitimacy, allowing both national governments and EU institutions to contribute to policymaking. However, the process can be slow due to negotiations and multiple layers of approval.
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