7. a) Unique Features of Australia’s Biodiversity
Introduction
Australia has one of the most unique and diverse ecosystems in the world, with over 80% of its plants, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians found nowhere else. Due to geographical isolation, climate variations, and distinct ecosystems, Australian biodiversity is highly specialized and vulnerable to environmental changes. However, climate change, deforestation, and invasive species pose serious threats to Australia’s rich biodiversity.
Key Features of Australia’s Biodiversity
1. High Endemism (Unique Native Species)
- Over 80% of Australia’s flora and fauna are endemic (not found anywhere else).
- Iconic species include kangaroos, koalas, echidnas, platypuses, and Tasmanian devils.
- Unique bird species like the emu and kookaburra are also native to Australia.
2. Diverse Ecosystems
✅ Rainforests (Daintree Rainforest, Queensland) – Home to ancient plant species and rare wildlife.
✅ Deserts (Great Victoria Desert) – Harsh environment supporting reptiles, dingoes, and desert flora.
✅ Coral Reefs (Great Barrier Reef) – World’s largest coral system, rich in marine biodiversity.
✅ Eucalyptus Forests – Dominant vegetation type, providing habitat for marsupials and birds.
3. Unique Marine Life
- Australia has more than 4,000 fish species, including the Great White Shark, Clownfish, and Dugongs.
- The Great Barrier Reef is home to 1,500+ coral species, sea turtles, and reef sharks.
4. Threats to Biodiversity
❌ Climate change – Rising temperatures threaten species like the koala and coral reefs.
❌ Bushfires – Massive wildfires destroy ecosystems and kill wildlife.
❌ Habitat destruction – Urbanization and deforestation reduce wildlife habitats.
❌ Invasive species – Cane toads, rabbits, and foxes threaten native species.
Conclusion
Australia’s biodiversity is one of the richest and most unique in the world, but it faces severe environmental threats. Conservation efforts, including wildlife protection laws, national parks, and climate policies, are crucial to preserving Australia’s ecological heritage.
7. b) Environmental Legislation in Australia
Introduction
Australia has implemented strong environmental laws and policies to protect its natural resources, wildlife, and climate. The country faces challenges such as deforestation, climate change, pollution, and water scarcity, making environmental legislation essential for sustainable development.
Major Environmental Laws in Australia
1. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act, 1999)
- The EPBC Act is Australia’s primary environmental law, regulating activities that impact threatened species, world heritage sites, and natural ecosystems.
- Requires environmental impact assessments before approving major projects.
2. Climate Change and Renewable Energy Laws
✅ National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act (2007) – Tracks carbon emissions and energy use.
✅ Renewable Energy Target (RET) – Encourages the transition to solar and wind energy.
✅ Net-Zero Emissions Target (2050) – Australia aims for carbon neutrality by 2050.
3. Great Barrier Reef Protection Laws
- The Reef 2050 Plan is designed to protect the Great Barrier Reef from climate change, pollution, and coral bleaching.
- Stricter fishing and mining regulations near reef ecosystems.
4. Water Management Laws
- Murray-Darling Basin Plan ensures sustainable water use for agriculture and ecosystems.
- Addresses droughts, water shortages, and overuse of river systems.
Challenges in Environmental Legislation
❌ Conflicts between environmental laws and economic growth (e.g., coal mining vs. climate policies).
❌ Slow progress in reducing carbon emissions and climate action.
❌ Challenges in enforcing conservation laws against industries and corporations.
Conclusion
Australia’s environmental legislation is comprehensive, but stronger policies and enforcement are needed to tackle climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution. Continued investments in renewable energy and conservation efforts will be critical for Australia’s sustainable future.
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