Introduction
Folklore studies often analyze the relationship between dominant and marginal cultures. Two important dichotomies that explain this dynamic are Marga-Deshi and Great-Little Traditions. These terms help scholars understand how classical (elite) and folk (local) cultures interact, overlap, or differ. This answer presents a critical note on these concepts, their similarities, differences, and relevance in the Indian context.
1. Marga and Deshi Traditions
Origin of Terms:
- Marga means the ‘path’ or ‘classical/elite tradition’ in Sanskrit.
- Deshi means ‘regional’ or ‘local’—the tradition of common people.
- These terms were historically used in Indian music and art to distinguish styles.
Marga (Classical) Traditions:
- Rooted in Sanskrit texts, Vedas, and religious scriptures.
- Practiced by learned Brahmins, kings, or upper-class society.
- Structured, written, and rule-based.
- Example: Bharatanatyam, Vedic chants, classical music like Dhrupad.
Deshi (Folk) Traditions:
- Local, oral, and practiced by the masses.
- Dynamic and flexible—changes from village to village.
- Based on everyday life, emotions, and social concerns.
- Example: Bhavai of Gujarat, Baul singing in Bengal, folk paintings like Madhubani.
2. Great and Little Traditions
Introduced by:
- American anthropologist Robert Redfield.
- Used to study cultural systems in ancient civilizations like India and China.
Great Tradition:
- Formal, institutionalized religion, philosophy, and art.
- Transmitted through texts, schools, and religious institutions.
- Example: Hindu scriptures, Upanishads, Sanskrit literature.
Little Tradition:
- Oral, local, and rooted in village customs.
- Passed on through storytelling, songs, and rituals.
- Example: Village-level deities, folk epics, oral history.
3. Similarities Between the Two Dichotomies
- Both try to explain the divide between elite/classical and folk/popular culture.
- Both suggest a top-down interaction—where elite culture often influences or absorbs local traditions.
- Both highlight issues of cultural hierarchy and marginalization.
4. Criticism of the Dichotomies
- They assume that classical and folk traditions are completely separate, which is not always true.
- Many traditions overlap, blend, and borrow from each other (cultural hybridity).
- The terms may reinforce class and caste divisions by labeling certain practices as ‘low’ or ‘unrefined.’
5. Modern Perspective
- Modern folklore studies reject strict binaries.
- They recognize that Deshi/Little traditions are equally creative and meaningful.
- There’s an increasing effort to value folk traditions in education, media, and cultural policy.
- Example: Baul songs and tribal dances are now part of university curricula and national festivals.
Conclusion
The concepts of Marga-Deshi and Great-Little traditions have helped scholars understand the interaction between elite and folk cultures. However, these dichotomies must be viewed critically. Instead of separating traditions, we must explore how they connect, coexist, and enrich each other. Recognizing the worth of folk culture is essential for preserving India’s diverse and inclusive heritage.