Introduction
Local government refers to the third tier of governance in India, operating at the grassroots level. It plays a vital role in decentralised administration and bringing governance closer to the people. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts have institutionalised rural and urban local bodies respectively, defining their structure, powers, and functions. This framework is essential for participatory democracy, local development, and efficient public service delivery.
Structure of Local Government in India
1. Rural Local Government (Panchayati Raj Institutions – PRIs)
- Gram Panchayat (Village Level)
- Panchayat Samiti (Block/Intermediate Level)
- Zila Parishad (District Level)
Each tier has elected representatives and is supported by administrative staff.
2. Urban Local Government (Urban Local Bodies – ULBs)
- Nagar Panchayat: For areas in transition from rural to urban
- Municipal Council: For smaller urban areas
- Municipal Corporation: For larger urban areas
These bodies are headed by elected representatives like Mayors, Chairpersons, and Councillors, supported by municipal commissioners and staff.
Powers and Functions of Local Governments
1. Constitutional Provisions
- 73rd Amendment: Lists 29 subjects in the Eleventh Schedule for Panchayats
- 74th Amendment: Lists 18 subjects in the Twelfth Schedule for Municipalities
2. Core Functions
A. Rural Local Bodies (PRIs)
- Rural housing and drinking water supply
- Maintenance of village roads and street lighting
- Sanitation and public health
- Primary education and literacy programs
- Welfare of weaker sections (SCs, STs, women)
- Agricultural and irrigation development
B. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
- Urban planning and regulation of land use
- Water supply for domestic and commercial use
- Public health, sanitation, and solid waste management
- Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, and public amenities
- Urban poverty alleviation and housing for the poor
- Promotion of cultural, educational, and recreational activities
Financial Powers
- Levy and collect taxes, duties, tolls, and fees
- Receive grants from state and central governments
- Prepare and manage their own budgets
- Utilize funds for developmental and maintenance work
Administrative Powers
- Formulate local policies and implement development schemes
- Supervise and monitor government programs
- Maintain records and ensure transparency in functioning
- Appoint functionaries and manage staff
Challenges Faced by Local Governments
- Limited devolution of powers by state governments
- Inadequate financial autonomy and delays in fund release
- Capacity issues among elected representatives and staff
- Political interference and dominance of bureaucracy
Conclusion
Local governments are crucial pillars of grassroots democracy in India. Their structure allows for decentralised governance, while their functions ensure delivery of essential services. However, to realise their full potential, it is necessary to empower them through adequate devolution of powers, resources, and capacity-building initiatives. Strengthened local governance can lead to more inclusive and participatory development across the country.