Introduction
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and activity levels. These mood episodes include manic/hypomanic phases and depressive episodes. The condition affects a person’s ability to carry out day-to-day tasks and can significantly impair social and occupational functioning. It was formerly known as manic-depressive illness.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode, possibly followed by depressive episodes.
- Bipolar II Disorder: Involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but no full manic episode.
- Cyclothymic Disorder: Numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for full episodes, lasting at least two years.
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
1. Manic Episode Symptoms
Mania is a state of abnormally elevated mood and energy. The symptoms last for at least one week and may require hospitalization if severe.
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feeling rested after 2-3 hours of sleep)
- Increased talkativeness or pressured speech
- Racing thoughts or flight of ideas
- Distractibility
- Increased goal-directed activity (e.g., excessive work or social plans)
- Engagement in risky behaviors (e.g., spending sprees, sexual indiscretions)
2. Hypomanic Episode Symptoms
Similar to mania but less severe and lasting at least four consecutive days. It does not cause significant functional impairment or require hospitalization.
- Elevated mood and increased energy
- More sociable and talkative than usual
- Mildly inflated self-esteem
- Engagement in productive activities
- Restlessness and reduced need for sleep
3. Depressive Episode Symptoms
A depressive episode lasts for at least two weeks and causes significant distress or impairment.
- Persistent sadness or hopelessness
- Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities
- Changes in appetite and weight
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
- Thoughts of death or suicide
Mixed Features
Some individuals may experience symptoms of both mania and depression simultaneously, referred to as a mixed episode.
Other Associated Symptoms
- Psychotic Features: In severe manic or depressive episodes, hallucinations or delusions may occur.
- Anxiety: Frequently co-occurs with bipolar disorder.
- Substance Abuse: Common in individuals attempting to self-medicate symptoms.
Conclusion
Bipolar disorder is a complex and cyclical condition characterized by distinct mood episodes. Understanding the specific symptoms associated with mania, hypomania, and depression is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment. Timely intervention with mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, and lifestyle management can significantly improve prognosis and overall quality of life.