Introduction
The study of virtues and character strengths is a major focus of positive psychology. In their groundbreaking work, Martin Seligman and Christopher Peterson developed a classification system called the VIA (Values in Action) Classification of Strengths. To build this universal framework, they used ten rigorous criteria to select and organize 24 character strengths under 6 core virtues. These criteria ensure that the strengths chosen are not only culturally relevant but also psychologically valuable.
Ten Criteria for Selecting Virtues and Character Strengths
1. Universality Across Cultures
A strength must be widely recognized and valued in all major cultures around the world. For example, kindness and honesty are appreciated globally.
Purpose: To ensure that these strengths are not culture-specific but represent universal human values.
2. Fulfilling
The strength should contribute to individual fulfillment and lead to a sense of happiness and well-being when exercised.
Example: Practicing gratitude increases life satisfaction and personal joy.
3. Morally Valued
Each strength must be seen as morally good and not just a means to an end. It should be valued for its own sake.
Example: Courage is admired because it represents bravery and integrity, not just because it leads to success.
4. Does Not Diminish Others
The expression of a strength should not put others down. It should inspire and uplift rather than create inequality or conflict.
Example: Humility is about valuing others and not showcasing superiority.
5. Has a Non-Felicitous Opposite
There should be clear opposites to the strength that are considered undesirable, such as honesty vs. dishonesty, or perseverance vs. laziness.
Purpose: This helps define the strength more clearly and shows its value.
6. Trait-Like
The strength should be a stable trait — something consistent across time and situations, not just a temporary mood or behavior.
Example: A person who is genuinely compassionate will show this trait across different areas of life.
7. Measurable
The strength must be measurable through scientific methods like surveys, interviews, or observations.
Purpose: To validate the strength with evidence-based tools like the VIA Survey.
8. Distinctiveness
Each strength should be clearly different from the others. Overlapping strengths are avoided to ensure clarity in understanding and application.
Example: Kindness and love are related but considered distinct traits.
9. Embodied by Exemplars
There must be well-known individuals (living or historical) who are clear examples of each strength.
Example: Mahatma Gandhi for humility, Nelson Mandela for forgiveness.
10. Elevates Others
Using or observing a strength should inspire others and create positive social effects.
Example: Witnessing someone act with courage or integrity often motivates others to do the same.
Conclusion
The ten criteria developed by Seligman and Peterson provide a scientific and moral foundation for identifying virtues and character strengths. These criteria ensure that strengths are universal, meaningful, and beneficial to both individuals and society. They serve as a roadmap for cultivating a fulfilling and virtuous life.