Discuss and Evaluate the Idea of Paradigm Shift
The idea of a “Paradigm Shift” was introduced by Thomas Kuhn in his influential book, “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” (1962). A paradigm refers to a framework of theories, methods, and standards that define scientific practice during a particular period. When that framework undergoes a fundamental change, it is called a paradigm shift.
Understanding Paradigm
A paradigm is like a lens through which scientists see the world. It guides what questions to ask, what methods to use, and how to interpret results. For example, Newtonian physics was a paradigm that governed science until Einstein introduced his theories.
Scientific Progress According to Kuhn
- Normal Science: Science works within a paradigm, solving puzzles and making discoveries.
- Anomalies: Sometimes, scientists encounter problems that the current paradigm cannot solve.
- Crisis: Accumulation of anomalies leads to doubts about the paradigm.
- Paradigm Shift: A new theory replaces the old one, changing how science is done. Example: shift from geocentric to heliocentric model.
Examples of Paradigm Shifts
- From Ptolemaic astronomy (Earth-centered) to Copernican astronomy (Sun-centered)
- From Newtonian mechanics to Einstein’s theory of relativity
- From classical physics to quantum mechanics
Evaluation of Kuhn’s Theory
Strengths:
- Gives a realistic view of how science actually develops, not just through steady progress but through revolutions.
- Shows that science is not purely objective; it is also influenced by social, historical, and psychological factors.
Criticisms:
- Some argue Kuhn made science look too subjective and similar to belief systems.
- Others say he didn’t explain clearly how or why paradigms change.
- Popper, another philosopher, believed science should progress through falsification, not shifts in belief.
Conclusion
The idea of paradigm shift helps us understand that scientific change is not always smooth. Sometimes it requires a complete change in worldview. Kuhn’s theory has changed how we think about science itself and remains a powerful idea in both philosophy and science education.