Introduction
Democratic decentralisation refers to the transfer of authority and responsibility from central or state governments to elected local bodies. It is an essential part of democratic governance, enabling people’s participation in decision-making and making governance more accountable and responsive. In India, democratic decentralisation has evolved over the years through constitutional, legal, and administrative reforms, culminating in the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.
Evolution of Democratic Decentralisation in India
1. Pre-Independence Era
- Local self-governance was introduced by Lord Ripon in 1882, considered the father of local self-government in India.
- Various Municipal Acts were passed, but local bodies remained largely under British control with limited autonomy.
2. Post-Independence Developments
- The Constitution of India provided for local governance as a state subject, leading to varied development across states.
- Community Development Programme (1952) and National Extension Service (1953) laid the foundation for local development.
3. Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957)
- Recommended the three-tier Panchayati Raj system – Village, Block, and District levels.
- Emphasized democratic decentralisation and people’s participation.
- Led to the establishment of PRIs in many states, starting with Rajasthan in 1959.
4. Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)
- Suggested a two-tier structure and greater autonomy for Panchayats.
- Recommended regular elections, involvement of political parties, and financial powers.
- However, its recommendations were not fully implemented.
5. Constitutional Status: 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992)
- Established Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies as constitutional entities.
- Mandated regular elections, reservations for SCs/STs and women, State Finance Commissions, and State Election Commissions.
- Provided for devolution of 29 subjects to PRIs and 18 subjects to municipalities.
Significance of Democratic Decentralisation
1. Deepening Democracy
It enables people to directly participate in governance and decision-making, especially at the grassroots level, thereby strengthening democracy.
2. Inclusive Governance
By ensuring representation of marginalized groups and women through reservations, it promotes social inclusion and equity.
3. Improved Service Delivery
Local bodies are better positioned to understand and respond to the specific needs of their communities, leading to more efficient service delivery.
4. Accountability and Transparency
Proximity of local leaders to the people increases transparency and ensures greater accountability in the use of public funds and decision-making.
5. Local Economic Development
Decentralised planning and resource management encourage self-reliance and sustainable development at the local level.
Challenges in Implementation
- Inadequate devolution of powers and functions by state governments
- Limited financial autonomy and dependence on state grants
- Lack of training and capacity among elected representatives
- Political interference and elite domination at the local level
Conclusion
Democratic decentralisation in India has come a long way from colonial-era local governance structures to constitutionally mandated institutions. It plays a vital role in strengthening democracy, promoting inclusive development, and enhancing governance. However, for it to be truly effective, genuine devolution of powers, financial autonomy, capacity building, and active citizen participation are necessary. Strengthening democratic decentralisation is key to achieving grassroots empowerment and sustainable development.