Introduction
Ageing is a natural and irreversible biological process that involves gradual changes in the structure and function of the body over time. Understanding the process of ageing has been the focus of many scientific studies, leading to the development of various biological, psychological, and sociological theories. These theories explain why and how humans age and what factors influence this process.
Biological Theories of Ageing
1. Genetic Theory
- Also known as the programmed theory
- States that ageing is determined by genes and occurs according to a biological timetable
- Evidence includes family history and species-specific life spans
2. Wear and Tear Theory
- Suggests that the body wears out due to accumulated damage over time
- Cells and tissues are damaged by daily use and exposure to toxins
3. Free Radical Theory
- Proposes that ageing is caused by cell damage from free radicals (unstable molecules)
- Free radicals damage DNA, proteins, and cell membranes
- Antioxidants like vitamins C and E can help reduce this damage
4. Telomere Shortening Theory
- Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes
- Each time a cell divides, telomeres get shorter
- Eventually, the cell can no longer divide, leading to ageing and cell death
Psychological Theories of Ageing
1. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
- In the final stage of life, individuals face the challenge of “Ego Integrity vs. Despair”
- Successful ageing involves reflection and acceptance of one’s life
2. Disengagement Theory
- Suggests that older adults naturally withdraw from social roles and responsibilities
- This disengagement is seen as a way to prepare for the end of life
3. Activity Theory
- Contrary to disengagement theory, this suggests that staying active leads to better ageing
- Maintaining social roles and activities improves life satisfaction in old age
Sociological Theories of Ageing
1. Continuity Theory
- States that older adults continue similar habits, relationships, and behaviors as in their earlier years
- This continuity helps maintain identity and wellbeing
2. Modernization Theory
- Argues that as societies modernize, the status and respect for older adults decline
- Technology and mobility reduce dependence on elders
Conclusion
There is no single theory that fully explains the complex process of ageing. Each theory provides a different perspective — biological theories focus on internal processes, psychological theories look at mental health and adaptation, while sociological theories explore ageing in a social context. Understanding these theories helps in developing better strategies for healthy and successful ageing.