Introduction
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are the institutions responsible for governing cities and towns in India. They are essential parts of the local self-government system and are responsible for providing basic services like water, sanitation, waste management, street lighting, and urban planning. The system of municipal governance ensures that cities are managed efficiently and that residents have access to essential services. In this article, we will discuss the structure, types, and functions of urban local bodies and understand how the municipal governance system works in India.
What are Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)?
Urban Local Bodies are government institutions that govern urban areas. They are elected by the people and work under the supervision of state governments. ULBs are empowered by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, which gave constitutional status to municipal governance in India.
Types of Urban Local Bodies in India
Based on the size and population of the urban area, ULBs are classified into three main types:
1. Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam)
- Established in large cities with a population of more than 1 million.
- Example: Delhi Municipal Corporation, Mumbai Municipal Corporation.
2. Municipal Council (Nagar Palika)
- Established in smaller cities with a population between 100,000 and 1 million.
- Example: Aligarh, Ujjain, Mysuru Municipal Councils.
3. Nagar Panchayat
- Formed in areas that are in transition from rural to urban.
- Example: Small towns like Bageshwar or Seoni.
Structure of Urban Local Bodies
- Elected Body: Headed by a Mayor or Chairperson, consists of elected ward members or councillors.
- Executive Body: Headed by a Municipal Commissioner or Chief Officer appointed by the state government.
This dual structure ensures a balance between political leadership and administrative expertise.
Functions of Urban Local Bodies
The 12th Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists the functions of ULBs. These include:
- Urban planning including town planning
- Regulation of land use and construction
- Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
- Public health, sanitation and solid waste management
- Urban forestry and environmental protection
- Slum improvement and poverty alleviation
- Maintenance of roads, bridges, and street lighting
- Public amenities such as parks, markets, and libraries
Sources of Revenue for ULBs
To perform their functions, ULBs require funds, which they get from:
- Property tax, water tax, and professional tax
- Fees and charges for services (licensing, parking, etc.)
- Grants and transfers from state and central governments
- Loans and bonds for infrastructure development
Challenges in Urban Governance
- Inadequate financial resources
- Lack of technical and administrative capacity
- Political interference and corruption
- Rapid urbanization leading to pressure on infrastructure
- Poor coordination between different departments
Initiatives to Strengthen Urban Governance
- Smart Cities Mission: Promotes sustainable and citizen-friendly cities.
- AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation): Focuses on improving basic infrastructure.
- Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban): Aims at cleanliness and sanitation.
- Capacity Building Programs: Training for municipal staff and elected representatives.
Conclusion
Urban local bodies and the municipal governance system are vital for managing the everyday needs of growing urban populations. They play a crucial role in delivering essential services and ensuring planned urban development. Strengthening the capacity, resources, and accountability of ULBs is key to creating smart, inclusive, and sustainable cities in India.