Introduction
Early historic cities of India, which developed roughly between the 6th century BCE and 3rd century CE, are frequently mentioned in various ancient Indian texts. These texts, both religious and secular, provide vital information about the characteristics, social life, and economic activities of cities during that period. In this short note, we will explore how early historic cities are represented in literary sources like Buddhist, Jain, and Brahmanical texts.
1. Buddhist Texts
- Buddhist literature such as the Jatakas and Vinaya Pitaka contain detailed references to urban life.
- Rajagriha, Vaishali, Shravasti, and Varanasi are described as important towns.
- They describe features like city walls, gates, market areas, gardens, and houses of merchants.
- Buddha’s association with cities like Vaishali and Shravasti emphasizes their religious and cultural role.
2. Jain Texts
- Jain texts like the Kalpasutra also mention cities such as Rajagriha and Champa.
- These texts highlight the economic prosperity and ethical concerns of urban dwellers.
- Urban professions like merchants, bankers, and craftsmen are commonly referred to.
3. Brahmanical and Epic Texts
- The Mahabharata and Ramayana provide legendary accounts of cities like Ayodhya, Indraprastha, and Dwaraka.
- Although mythical, they contain realistic elements such as forts, palaces, assembly halls, and marketplaces.
- Dharmashastra texts mention urban administrative roles and rules for social conduct in cities.
4. Features of Urban Life in Texts
- Descriptions of well-planned streets, houses with courtyards, drainage systems, and public spaces.
- Mention of guilds (shrenis) and economic activities like trade, craft production, and banking.
- References to social classes and urban occupations.
Conclusion
Early historic Indian texts provide a rich picture of urban life in ancient times. Although not always historically precise, they help us understand the importance of cities in religion, economy, and governance. Combined with archaeology, these texts are valuable tools for reconstructing the urban past of India.