Introduction
The Satavahana Empire (circa 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE) ruled over large parts of central and southern India. The economy of the Satavahanas was diverse and prosperous, driven by agriculture, trade, crafts, and revenue from land. In this post, we examine the main features of the Satavahana economy in simple language.
Agriculture
- Main occupation of the people and backbone of the economy.
- Land grants to Brahmins and Buddhist monks (called Agraharas) encouraged agricultural expansion.
- Use of irrigation tanks and wells in dry regions helped improve farming.
- Major crops included rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and pulses.
Crafts and Industries
- Urban centers like Paithan and Amaravati were known for craft production.
- Skilled artisans worked in pottery, textiles, metalwork, ivory carving, and bead making.
- Craft items were both used locally and exported through trade.
Trade and Commerce
- Satavahanas controlled important trade routes linking north and south India.
- Ports like Sopara and Kalyan connected them to Roman and Southeast Asian trade.
- Goods like spices, cotton cloth, gems, and ivory were exported.
- Roman gold coins found in Satavahana territory show active foreign trade.
Monetary System
- Issued coins in lead, silver, and copper with symbols and inscriptions in Prakrit.
- Coins helped promote trade and tax collection.
Revenue and Taxation
- Revenue mainly came from land taxes, trade duties, and tribute from feudatories.
- Inscriptions mention taxes on goods and tolls on traders.
Role of Religion and Economy
- Satavahanas patronized Buddhism and donated to monasteries, which became economic centers.
- Religious donations encouraged the construction of stupas, viharas, and markets around them.
Conclusion
The economy of the Satavahana Empire was well-balanced and diversified. Agricultural growth, active trade networks, flourishing crafts, and an efficient revenue system contributed to its prosperity. The Satavahanas played a key role in connecting different regions of India and the world through economic activity.