Introduction
The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, nationwide survey conducted in India to collect reliable information on population, health, and nutrition. It plays a key role in shaping health-related policies and programs across the country. The NFHS provides data on vital indicators like fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning, maternal and child health, and use of health services. This article explains the objectives, survey design, fieldwork, and importance of NFHS in healthcare planning and policy in India.
Objectives of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
The NFHS has multiple objectives aimed at understanding the health and family welfare status in the country:
- To provide essential data for policy-making and planning of health programs.
- To measure and monitor fertility, mortality, family planning, and maternal and child health indicators.
- To assess the nutritional status of women and children.
- To study gender-related issues, including domestic violence and women’s empowerment.
- To provide district-level data for decentralized planning.
Survey Design
The NFHS uses a scientific sampling method to ensure data represents the entire population.
1. Sampling Methodology
- The survey uses a two-stage sampling design: selection of villages or urban blocks (primary sampling units) followed by households.
- It ensures representation from all states, union territories, and socio-economic groups.
2. Sample Size
- The sample size has increased over the years. For example, NFHS-5 (2019–21) surveyed over 6.1 lakh households.
- Data is collected from both men and women in the reproductive age group (15–49 years for women, 15–54 for men).
3. Tools Used
- Structured questionnaires are used to collect information on various topics.
- Biomarkers such as height, weight, and hemoglobin levels are also recorded.
Field Work and Data Collection
- The survey is carried out by trained field workers who visit selected households.
- Women are interviewed about pregnancy, childbirth, contraceptive use, and domestic violence.
- Children’s data includes vaccination status, nutrition, and survival rates.
- Data on men includes awareness of reproductive health, attitudes towards gender, and substance use.
- All data is kept confidential and is analyzed by experts to maintain accuracy and reliability.
Results and Use in Health Policy and Programs
The data collected from NFHS surveys is crucial for designing and evaluating health and welfare programs. Some key impacts include:
1. Policy Formulation
- NFHS data has guided important health policies such as the National Health Policy, National Nutrition Mission (Poshan Abhiyaan), and Janani Suraksha Yojana.
2. Program Monitoring and Evaluation
- Helps assess the success of government schemes like immunization, family planning, and maternal health services.
3. Focus on Women and Children
- NFHS highlights gender disparities and helps in creating women-centric policies for empowerment, education, and health care.
4. District and State-Level Planning
- District-wise data allows for localized planning and better targeting of resources.
5. Academic and Research Use
- NFHS data is widely used by researchers, NGOs, and international agencies for studies and reports.
Conclusion
The National Family Health Survey is a powerful tool for understanding India’s health challenges and planning effective interventions. Its scientific approach, wide coverage, and rich data make it an essential resource for improving healthcare delivery, especially for women and children. As India continues to develop, NFHS remains a key instrument in building a healthier and more informed society.