Introduction
Policy formulation is the process of creating strategies, rules, or actions by governments or institutions to solve social problems or achieve development goals. In the context of gender-sensitive planning, it is essential to use models that are inclusive, evidence-based, and participatory. Different models of policy formulation provide unique ways of understanding and developing public policies.
1. Rational Model
This is one of the oldest and most systematic models used in policy-making.
Key Features:
- Assumes that decision-makers are fully informed and rational.
- Policies are developed after careful cost-benefit analysis and comparison of all alternatives.
Steps:
- Define the problem.
- Identify goals and objectives.
- Develop all possible alternatives.
- Evaluate outcomes and choose the best one.
Limitations:
- Assumes ideal conditions, which may not exist in reality.
- Often overlooks gender biases in data and assumptions.
2. Incremental Model
Also known as the “Muddling Through” model, it suggests that policymakers work by making small adjustments rather than big changes.
Key Features:
- Based on existing policies and practices.
- Low risk, practical approach to policy change.
Application in Gender Planning:
- Used in areas like revising maternity leave or gradually increasing gender quotas.
Limitations:
- Too slow to bring transformational change.
- May not address deep-rooted gender inequality quickly enough.
3. Advocacy Coalition Model
This model suggests that policy change happens through the influence of various groups or coalitions that share common beliefs.
Key Features:
- Emphasizes the role of civil society, NGOs, media, and interest groups.
- Coalitions push for change based on shared values (e.g., gender justice, human rights).
Example:
Feminist organizations advocating for stronger laws against domestic violence, such as the Domestic Violence Act 2005.
4. Institutional Model
This model focuses on the role of formal government structures and institutions in shaping policies.
Key Features:
- Policies are created and implemented within a legal and bureaucratic framework.
- Includes the role of ministries, departments, and committees.
Relevance to Gender:
- Institutions like the Ministry of Women and Child Development play a key role in policy formulation.
5. Participatory Model
This model encourages active participation from citizens, especially marginalized groups, in the policy-making process.
Key Features:
- Based on grassroots democracy and empowerment.
- Voices of women, disabled persons, minorities, and LGBTQ+ are included.
Tools:
- Public hearings, focus groups, participatory rural appraisal (PRA).
Example:
Local women participating in Gram Sabhas to decide how government funds should be used in villages.
6. Mixed Scanning Model
This model combines the best aspects of the rational and incremental models. It looks at both big-picture strategies and small-step changes.
Application:
- Useful for gender-sensitive planning in complex areas like health and education.
Conclusion
Each policy formulation model has its strengths and weaknesses. For effective and inclusive gender-sensitive planning, a combination of these models is often used. Participatory and advocacy-based approaches are particularly powerful in ensuring that the voices of women and marginalized groups are heard. The ultimate goal is to develop fair, inclusive, and impactful policies that promote gender equality and social justice.