Introduction
Inheritance systems play a crucial role in shaping gender relations and access to property. They determine how property is passed down from one generation to another. While most of India follows a patrilineal system, there are communities that follow matrilineal and bilateral inheritance systems. These alternative systems impact women’s access to land and resources differently compared to patriarchal norms.
Matrilineal System of Inheritance
In a matrilineal system, property and lineage are traced through the female line. This means that inheritance passes from mothers to daughters, or from maternal uncles to nephews and nieces. Women hold a more central role in family structure and property ownership.
Examples: The Khasi and Garo tribes of Meghalaya and some Nair families in Kerala traditionally follow matrilineal systems.
Features:
- Women often own and inherit family property.
- Children belong to the mother’s clan.
- Maternal uncles may have authority in family decisions.
Impacts: This system provides women with higher social status and economic security. However, in practice, control over property may still be exercised by male relatives.
Bilateral System of Inheritance
In a bilateral inheritance system, both sons and daughters inherit property from their parents. The rights are more balanced, and inheritance is not determined strictly by gender or lineage.
Features:
- Equal importance is given to both the maternal and paternal lines.
- Both male and female children may inherit property from both sides.
- This system promotes gender equity in property rights.
Impacts: Bilateral inheritance has the potential to create a more gender-just society. However, it is not widely practiced in India and is more common in Western societies or progressive legal systems.
Conclusion
Matrilineal and bilateral systems challenge the dominant patriarchal norms by giving women more recognition and access to inheritance. While these systems offer more equitable frameworks, cultural practices and male dominance often limit the actual benefits to women. Legal reforms, combined with social awareness, are needed to ensure that inheritance laws truly empower women and promote gender equality.