Introduction
Mohenjodaro, one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (around 2500 BCE), provides significant archaeological insights into ancient urban architecture. Among its most remarkable features are the residential houses built with a high degree of planning and functionality. These houses reflect the urban sophistication and daily life of the people of Mohenjodaro. In this short note, we will explore the key features and significance of Mohenjodaro’s houses.
1. Building Materials and Design
- Houses were made from baked bricks of standardized size, showing organized construction techniques.
- Some used sun-dried bricks or mud in less significant structures.
- Wooden doors and thatched roofs may have been used, although not preserved.
2. House Structure
- Most houses had two or more rooms and some had up to a dozen rooms.
- They were built around a central courtyard, which served as the main living space.
- There were separate areas for cooking, storage, and possibly sleeping.
3. Bathrooms and Drainage
- Almost every house had a private bathroom connected to the public drainage system.
- Drains were covered and ran along the streets, showing concern for sanitation.
- This highlights the importance of personal hygiene in daily life.
4. Wells and Water Supply
- Many houses had private wells within their compounds.
- This ensured access to clean water and indicates a high degree of self-sufficiency.
- Public wells were also available in neighborhoods.
5. Entrance and Privacy
- Entrances were usually not on the main street but in narrow lanes, possibly to ensure privacy and security.
- Some houses had stairs leading to an upper floor or roof.
6. Social and Economic Insights
- The size and complexity of houses varied, indicating differences in wealth and social status.
- Larger houses with more rooms and private wells likely belonged to elite families.
- Smaller houses suggest the presence of middle and working-class residents.
Conclusion
The houses of Mohenjodaro demonstrate advanced urban planning and a high standard of living for the time. Their thoughtful design, emphasis on hygiene, and privacy reflect the everyday priorities and cultural values of the people. These structures continue to provide crucial insights into the life and society of one of the world’s oldest urban civilizations.