Introduction
The Bhuria Committee (1994) and the Bhuria Commission (2002) were two major policy initiatives undertaken by the Government of India to address the issues of tribal self-governance and development. Both were chaired by Shri Dileep Singh Bhuria, a prominent tribal leader and Member of Parliament. These bodies made critical recommendations regarding tribal governance, land rights, political empowerment, and socio-economic development.
Bhuria Committee (1994)
Background
The Bhuria Committee was formed in the wake of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, which introduced Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) across India. However, tribal-dominated areas required special consideration due to their unique socio-cultural and administrative characteristics. The Committee was tasked with recommending how the Panchayati Raj system could be adapted for Scheduled Areas under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution.
Key Recommendations
- Creation of Gram Sabhas: Empowering Gram Sabhas (village councils) as the foundation of self-governance in tribal areas.
- Control over Natural Resources: Gram Sabhas should have the right to manage and conserve natural resources, including forests, water, and land.
- Customary Law Respect: Recognition of tribal customs and traditions in the functioning of local governance systems.
- Management of Minor Forest Produce: Rights over minor forest produce should rest with the local community.
- Tribal-Friendly Administrative System: Administrative and legal systems should be adapted to suit the needs of tribal populations, including the use of tribal languages and simpler procedures.
Outcome: The PESA Act, 1996
Based on these recommendations, the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, also known as PESA, was enacted. PESA gave statutory recognition to Gram Sabhas and tribal self-rule in Scheduled Areas.
Bhuria Commission (2002)
Background
The Bhuria Commission was constituted by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in 2002 to examine the overall status and challenges of Scheduled Tribes and to recommend measures for their development and inclusion.
Key Recommendations
- Land Alienation: Strong laws and enforcement to prevent tribal land alienation.
- Education and Language: Promotion of mother-tongue-based education in tribal languages.
- Health Services: Culturally appropriate and accessible health infrastructure in tribal areas.
- Tribal Employment: Skill development and reservation in both public and private sectors.
- Documentation and Data: Accurate data collection on tribal populations and better monitoring of schemes.
- Representation: Increased political representation of tribals in decision-making bodies, including PRIs and Parliament.
Significance of Recommendations
- Both the Committee and Commission emphasized the importance of tribal autonomy and participatory governance.
- Encouraged integration of customary laws with modern administrative frameworks.
- Laid the foundation for legal reforms like PESA and other tribal development policies.
Challenges in Implementation
- PESA Act implementation remains weak in many states due to lack of political will and bureaucratic resistance.
- Forest rights and land protection measures are often diluted by state-level policies and industrial interests.
- Health and education infrastructure remains inadequate in tribal regions despite policy recommendations.
Conclusion
The Bhuria Committee (1994) and Bhuria Commission (2002) played a pivotal role in shaping tribal governance and development in India. Their visionary recommendations continue to guide policy interventions aimed at empowering tribal communities. However, their successful implementation remains a critical challenge, and sustained political and administrative commitment is essential to realize the true spirit of tribal self-rule and inclusive development.