Introduction
Social work in India has a long and rich history that dates back to ancient times. It is not a new concept in Indian society. People in India have always helped each other during times of need, guided by values such as compassion, charity, and service. Over time, social work in India evolved from informal support systems to a more organized and professional discipline.
Ancient Period
In ancient India, religious teachings played an important role in promoting social welfare. Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita emphasize helping others, charity (daan), and serving the needy. Buddhist and Jain teachings also promoted social values such as kindness, non-violence, and community service. Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor, is known for establishing hospitals, rest houses, and planting trees for public welfare.
Medieval Period
During the medieval period, various kings and religious leaders continued to support social welfare activities. Islamic teachings also encouraged charity (zakat), and many mosques and madrasas provided food, shelter, and education to the poor. However, social welfare remained largely religious and informal.
Colonial Period
The British rule in India brought significant changes. Christian missionaries and British officials started many social reform activities, such as opening schools, hospitals, and orphanages. Indian social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao Phule, and Swami Vivekananda played key roles in fighting against social evils such as child marriage, Sati, untouchability, and promoting education for women and lower castes.
Emergence of Organized Social Work
In the early 20th century, social work became more organized in India. The Servants of India Society, founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905, was one of the first organizations to train people for social service. Mahatma Gandhi promoted the idea of selfless service and upliftment of the rural poor through his concept of “Sarvodaya” (welfare of all).
Post-Independence Period
After India gained independence in 1947, the government took responsibility for social welfare through various programs and policies. The Constitution of India ensured social justice, equality, and the upliftment of marginalized communities. Various ministries and departments were created to handle health, education, women and child welfare, and rural development.
Professional Social Work Education
The first formal school of social work in India was the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), established in 1936 in Mumbai. Since then, many universities and colleges have introduced social work as a subject, offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses. These institutions train students in social work theories, methods, and fieldwork.
Modern Developments
Today, social work in India includes a wide range of activities such as working with children, women, elderly, disabled, people with HIV/AIDS, disaster victims, and marginalized communities. Social workers are employed in NGOs, hospitals, schools, correctional institutions, and government departments. Technology, research, and partnerships with international organizations have also strengthened the field.
Conclusion
The history of social work in India shows that it has always been a part of Indian culture and values. From religious charity to professional practice, it has grown into an important discipline that contributes to the nation’s development. Understanding its roots helps social workers appreciate their role in society and work more effectively for social change.