Introduction
Learning is a fundamental human process that shapes our knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behavior. It is at the core of all educational activities and plays a key role in personal and professional development. In higher education, understanding what learning is and what influences it helps educators design better instruction and support systems for students.
What is Learning?
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience or practice. It is not limited to formal education but occurs throughout life in various settings.
Key Features of Learning:
- Learning is a process of change
- It results from experience, interaction, or teaching
- It can involve gaining knowledge, developing skills, or changing attitudes
- It may be intentional (planned) or incidental (unplanned)
Example: A student learns to write an essay through instruction (intentional), but may also develop patience by working in a group (incidental).
Factors That Affect Human Learning
<pLearning is influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. These factors can enhance or hinder the learning process, and they often vary from person to person.
1. Motivation
Motivation is one of the most important factors in learning. A highly motivated student puts in more effort, stays focused, and persists through challenges.
Types: Intrinsic (internal desire to learn) and extrinsic (external rewards like grades)
Example: A student who wants to become a scientist is likely to be more engaged in science classes.
2. Intelligence and Cognitive Ability
Individual differences in intelligence and mental ability affect how quickly and deeply a person learns. Higher cognitive ability helps in understanding complex ideas.
3. Previous Knowledge and Experience
Learners with prior knowledge can connect new information more easily, which enhances understanding and retention.
Example: A student with a strong foundation in basic math finds it easier to learn algebra.
4. Learning Environment
A comfortable, well-equipped, and supportive environment encourages learning. Noise, poor lighting, or lack of resources can reduce concentration and performance.
5. Teaching Methods
The approach a teacher uses greatly affects how students learn. Interactive, student-centered methods are usually more effective than lecture-based methods alone.
Example: Using group discussions or real-life projects increases engagement and understanding.
6. Emotional and Mental Health
Stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, or depression can negatively impact learning. A supportive atmosphere and positive teacher-student relationships promote mental well-being.
7. Physical Health
Good health supports better attention, energy, and cognitive functioning. Illness, fatigue, or poor nutrition can hinder learning ability.
8. Socio-Economic Factors
Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may lack access to resources like books, internet, or tuition. Economic hardship also affects mental focus and motivation.
9. Peer Influence
Peers can either support or distract from learning. Studying with motivated peers can encourage learning, while negative peer pressure can lead to poor habits.
10. Learning Style
Every individual has a preferred way of learning—some are visual learners, others prefer listening or doing. Matching teaching styles with learning preferences improves outcomes.
11. Language and Communication
Language barriers can affect how well a student understands and expresses ideas. Clear communication from teachers and materials in the learner’s language can help.
Conclusion
Learning is a complex and ongoing process influenced by multiple internal and external factors. In higher education, recognizing these factors allows teachers to create supportive learning environments and adopt inclusive strategies. When students are motivated, supported, and taught effectively, they are more likely to succeed in their academic journey and beyond.