Introduction
The Mughal Empire, which ruled large parts of India from the early 16th to the 18th century, had one of the most sophisticated and centralized administrative systems in Indian history. The Mughal administration combined elements of Islamic governance with Indian traditions, creating a system that was effective, flexible, and deeply influential. In this article, we will explore the nature of the Mughal administration in simple terms, including its key features and functioning.
Centralized Authority
The Mughal state was a centralized monarchy. The Emperor (Padshah) was the supreme head of the state, with complete control over military, civil, judicial, and financial matters. The Emperor was seen as the shadow of God on earth and held absolute power.
However, he ruled through a network of officials and institutions, which made administration more efficient across such a large empire.
Administrative Divisions
The Mughal Empire was divided into several provinces called Subas. Each Suba was further divided into:
- Sarkars: District-level units
- Parganas: Sub-district units
- Villages: The smallest unit
This multi-layered structure helped in proper governance and resource management.
Provincial Administration
Each Suba was governed by a Subedar (provincial governor) appointed by the Emperor. He was responsible for law and order, revenue collection, and maintaining peace. Other key officials in the province included:
- Diwan: In charge of revenue and finance
- Bakshi: Military recruitment and payments
- Qazi: Judicial officer
- Faujdar: Maintained law and order
Mansabdari System
One of the most important features of Mughal administration was the Mansabdari System, introduced by Emperor Akbar. Under this system, every noble or officer was given a rank (called Mansab) that determined his salary, position, and military responsibility.
Mansabdars had to maintain a certain number of soldiers and horses based on their rank. This system helped the Emperor keep control over the army and nobility while ensuring loyalty.
Revenue Administration
The revenue system was well-organized. Akbar introduced the zabt system, where land was measured and classified based on fertility and productivity. Taxes were fixed accordingly and usually collected in cash.
The Diwan-i-Ashraf (finance department) supervised all financial matters. Revenue officials like Amils and Shiqdars helped in the collection process. The state also granted Jagirs (land assignments) to officials in place of salaries.
Judicial System
The Emperor was the highest judge. The legal system was based on Islamic law (Sharia), but in practice, Hindu laws and customs were also respected. Each town had a Qazi who handled civil and criminal cases.
Justice was also delivered at the local level through village panchayats and customary practices, especially for non-Muslims.
Military Administration
The Mughal army was large and powerful. It included cavalry, infantry, artillery, and elephants. The Emperor had personal guards and relied on Mansabdars to maintain troops. The Bakshi managed salaries and supplies for the army.
Religious and Cultural Policy
Although the Mughal state was Islamic in nature, rulers like Akbar followed a policy of religious tolerance. Akbar promoted Sulh-i-Kul (peace for all) and included Hindus in administration. Temples were respected, and local traditions were allowed.
Conclusion
The Mughal administration was centralized yet flexible. It was built on strong institutions like the Mansabdari and revenue systems, and it successfully governed a large, diverse empire for centuries. The blend of Islamic governance with Indian traditions created a unique administrative model that influenced future Indian governments, including the British and modern Indian systems.