Introduction
This response provides short notes on two important topics from environmental anthropology: (d) Arid and semi-arid regions and (f) Communities, culture and climate change. These topics are crucial in understanding the relationship between environment, human adaptation, and the impacts of climate variations on cultural practices.
d) Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
Definition
Arid regions are areas that receive very little rainfall (less than 250 mm annually) and have extreme temperatures. Semi-arid regions receive slightly more rainfall (250–500 mm annually) and are somewhat more hospitable to life but still face water scarcity.
Characteristics
- Low and irregular rainfall
- High temperatures, especially in summers
- Dry and sandy soil, poor in nutrients
- Limited vegetation—mostly shrubs, grasses, and drought-resistant plants
Examples
- Arid: Thar Desert in India, Sahara Desert in Africa
- Semi-arid: Parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Gujarat in India; Sahel region in Africa
Human Adaptation
- Communities rely on traditional water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting, stepwells, and tanks
- Nomadic and pastoral lifestyles are common due to limited agriculture
- Use of drought-resistant crops such as millet and sorghum
Environmental Issues
- Desertification
- Water scarcity
- Overgrazing and land degradation
f) Communities, Culture and Climate Change
Overview
Climate change is not just a scientific issue—it deeply affects human communities, cultures, traditions, and livelihoods. Environmental anthropologists study how people understand, experience, and respond to climate change based on their cultural background.
Impact of Climate Change on Communities
- Livelihoods: Changes in rainfall, temperature, and seasons affect agriculture, fishing, and animal husbandry.
- Migration: Droughts, floods, and rising sea levels force people to migrate, leading to cultural loss.
- Health: Climate-related diseases and lack of clean water impact vulnerable communities.
Role of Culture
- Traditional knowledge systems help communities forecast weather, adapt crops, and conserve resources.
- Rituals and beliefs often relate to seasons, rain, and harvests, and are affected by climatic changes.
- Stories, myths, and folklore express ecological values and can inspire sustainable living.
Community Response to Climate Change
- Adaptation through crop diversification, water-saving practices, and alternate livelihoods
- Participation in community-based resource management
- Involvement in climate activism and policy discussions
Example
In the Sundarbans (West Bengal), communities adapt to frequent cyclones and rising sea levels by building elevated homes and changing crop types. However, their culture, including local festivals and fishing traditions, is also being affected.
Conclusion
Arid and semi-arid regions pose serious challenges to human survival, but people have adapted through traditional knowledge and resilient practices. Similarly, climate change affects the cultural and everyday life of communities. Studying these connections helps in designing better environmental and social policies that respect both nature and culture. Environmental anthropology plays a crucial role in documenting these changes and supporting sustainable and just adaptations.