(a) Structural Features of Munda Languages
The Munda languages belong to the Austroasiatic language family and are spoken primarily in eastern India, especially in Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. Some well-known Munda languages include Santali, Mundari, and Ho. These languages exhibit features like SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order, agglutinative grammar, and the use of suffixes for case marking. Munda languages also display complex verb morphology and make extensive use of noun classifiers. Their vocabulary is distinct from Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages, though long contact has led to borrowing.
(b) Hindi Literature and Translation
Hindi literature has a long and diverse tradition, ranging from ancient devotional poetry (like Kabir and Tulsidas) to modern fiction and drama. Translation plays a key role in spreading Hindi literature to non-Hindi speakers and bringing global literature into Hindi. Translators have made it possible for works like Premchand’s stories or Harivansh Rai Bachchan’s poems to be read across languages. Translation also bridges Hindi literature with other Indian and world literary traditions, enriching both the source and target cultures.