Compare Utpattivada and Bhuktivada about Rasa
Introduction
Rasa theory is a fundamental part of Indian aesthetics, explaining the aesthetic flavor or emotional experience derived from art. Two prominent schools within this theory are Utpattivada and Bhuktivada, which differ in their understanding of how rasa is generated and experienced.
Utpattivada (Theory of Generation)
- Propounded by Bhatta Lollata.
- States that rasa is generated (utpatti) in the performance itself.
- According to this theory, when an actor enacts emotions on stage, those emotions directly generate rasa in the audience.
- The emphasis is on the performer’s skill and authenticity.
Bhuktivada (Theory of Enjoyment)
- Proposed by Bhatta Nayaka.
- Argues that rasa is not generated but enjoyed (bhukti) by the spectator after mental processing.
- Believes that rasa is experienced only when the audience universalizes the emotions presented, detaching them from real-life references.
- The focus is on the role of the sensitive audience (sahrdaya).
Comparison
- Source: Utpattivada emphasizes the actor; Bhuktivada emphasizes the audience.
- Process: Utpattivada sees rasa as generated; Bhuktivada sees it as experienced.
- Importance: Bhuktivada has been more widely accepted because it aligns with the idea of aesthetic distance and universalization.
Conclusion
Both theories enrich our understanding of aesthetic experience. While Utpattivada emphasizes the artistic performance, Bhuktivada highlights the psychological and emotional participation of the audience. Together, they offer a comprehensive view of how rasa operates in Indian art and literature.