Introduction
In Indian philosophy, the ways through which we gain knowledge are called “pramanas.” There are several accepted pramanas, such as perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), and testimony (sabda). One important but often less discussed pramana is “Upamana,” or comparison. This post explains what Upamana means and argues whether it can be considered a true source of knowledge.
What is Upaman (Comparison)?
Upaman is the knowledge gained by comparing one thing with another based on similarity. It is used when we do not know something directly but can understand it by comparing it with something we already know.
Example:
Suppose someone has never seen a wild animal called a “gavaya” (wild ox). A person tells him, “A gavaya is like a cow but lives in the forest.” Later, when he sees an animal in the forest that looks like a cow, he recognizes it as a gavaya based on the comparison. This is knowledge gained through Upamana.
Is Comparison a True Means of Knowledge?
Let’s explore arguments in favor and against Upamana as a true pramana.
Arguments in Favor:
- Independent Knowledge Source: Upamana provides knowledge that was not gained through perception or inference. It stands as a separate way of knowing.
- Used in Daily Life: We often use comparisons in learning and teaching. For example, we say, “The heart works like a pump.” This helps learners understand difficult concepts by relating them to familiar ones.
- Accepted by Major Schools: Schools like Nyaya and Mimamsa accept Upamana as a valid pramana. They consider it reliable and useful for gaining certain types of knowledge.
Arguments Against:
- Not Always Reliable: Sometimes comparisons can be misleading. Not everything that looks similar is the same. For example, a plastic fruit may look like a real one but cannot be eaten.
- Not a Primary Source: Some philosophers believe that Upamana is not truly independent. They argue that it depends on perception and verbal testimony, so it should not be considered a separate pramana.
- Subjective Nature: The success of comparison depends on the ability of the person making the comparison. This makes it less objective than other forms of knowledge like perception.
Modern Viewpoint
In modern education and communication, analogies and comparisons are widely used. Teachers, scientists, and writers often use comparisons to explain new or complex ideas. This shows that comparison continues to be a valuable tool in learning and understanding, even today.
Conclusion
Upaman or comparison is a useful and meaningful way to gain knowledge, especially about unfamiliar objects or ideas. While it has some limitations and depends on context, it is widely accepted in Indian philosophy as a valid pramana. With proper care and reasoning, comparison can indeed serve as a means of true knowledge.