Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi, deeply rooted in Indian traditions and scriptures, acknowledged the system of Varnashrama — the division of society into different occupational groups or varnas. However, unlike the rigid caste system that emerged over time, Gandhi rejected the idea of hierarchy or subordination among these varnas. He believed that each varna had equal value and spiritual worth. In this answer, we’ll discuss how Gandhi viewed Varnashrama and why he rejected the sense of superiority or inferiority among the varnas.
Understanding Varnashrama
Varnashrama is an ancient Indian social system that classified people based on work and duties into four main varnas:
- Brahmins: Teachers and spiritual leaders
- Kshatriyas: Warriors and rulers
- Vaishyas: Traders and businessmen
- Shudras: Service providers and workers
It also included the ashramas, or stages of life — Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (retirement), and Sannyasa (renunciation).
Gandhi’s Acceptance of Varnashrama Dharma
Gandhi accepted Varnashrama as a way to organize society based on duty and function, not on birth or status. He believed it was a scientific and spiritual system meant to ensure:
- Social harmony
- Specialization of duties
- Service to society without competition
However, he was clear that Varnashrama should be voluntary and based on karma (action), not birth. He opposed using it to justify oppression or discrimination.
Rejection of Subordination Between Varnas
One of Gandhi’s strongest stands was that no varna is superior or inferior. He said:
“All varnas are equal, and one is not above the other. It is a division of labor, not of status.”
For Gandhi:
- No varna should dominate or look down upon others.
- Each person’s work is sacred and should be respected.
- There should be no discrimination in temples, education, or society.
Untouchability and Gandhi’s Reform
Gandhi’s approach to Varnashrama included a strong rejection of untouchability. He called the so-called untouchables Harijans (children of God) and dedicated his life to uplifting them.
He fought for:
- Temple entry rights
- Equal education
- Abolition of discrimination in public places
His work in this area showed that he stood for the dignity of every human being, regardless of caste.
Criticism of Gandhi’s Approach
While Gandhi’s intentions were noble, some social reformers, especially Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, felt that Gandhi’s support for Varnashrama indirectly upheld the caste system. Ambedkar believed in complete annihilation of caste, while Gandhi wanted to reform it.
Relevance Today
Gandhi’s views remain relevant in today’s efforts to remove caste-based inequalities. His model promotes:
- Dignity of labor
- Equality in rights and opportunities
- Respect for every profession and social role
Conclusion
In conclusion, Gandhi acknowledged the traditional structure of Varnashrama as a division of labor, not status. He strongly opposed the idea of subordination or superiority among varnas. His approach was based on equality, service, and mutual respect. Though his views received both praise and criticism, his emphasis on dignity and equality continues to inspire efforts toward social justice in India.