(a) Poly System Theory of Translation
Poly System Theory of Translation, introduced by Itamar Even-Zohar, suggests that literature operates within a system of various interacting elements. In this view, translation is not isolated but part of a larger literary and cultural system. When the target literature is developing or lacks certain genres, translations take a central role and influence the local literature. However, when the literary system is strong and established, translations are placed in a peripheral position. This theory helps explain how translations shape, and are shaped by, the literary needs and ideologies of a culture.
(b) A.K. Ramanujan’s views on Translation
A.K. Ramanujan was a renowned Indian poet, scholar, and translator who believed that translation is a creative and interpretative act. He emphasized the importance of capturing the cultural and emotional essence of the original text. For Ramanujan, translation was not about word-for-word substitution, but about recreating meaning, tone, and aesthetic experience in the target language. He paid close attention to sound, rhythm, and context, especially while translating classical Tamil and Kannada poetry into English. His work highlighted the translator’s role as both an artist and a cultural mediator.