Short Notes

Write short notes on the following topics in about 100 words each: (a) Chinese Translation of Buddhist Texts (b) Canadian Tradition of Translation.

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(a) Chinese Translation of Buddhist Texts The Chinese translation of Buddhist texts began around the 2nd century CE when Buddhism spread from India to China. Early translations were literal, but later scholars like Kumarajiva adopted a more interpretive approach to make texts easier to understand. These translations played a key role in shaping Chinese Buddhism […]

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Write short notes on the following topics in about 100 words each: (a) Poly System Theory of Translation (b) A.K. Ramanujan’s views on Translation

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(a) Poly System Theory of Translation Poly System Theory of Translation, introduced by Itamar Even-Zohar, suggests that literature operates within a system of various interacting elements. In this view, translation is not isolated but part of a larger literary and cultural system. When the target literature is developing or lacks certain genres, translations take a

Write short notes on the following topics in about 100 words each: (a) Poly System Theory of Translation (b) A.K. Ramanujan’s views on Translation Read More »

Psychotherapy in dementia

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Psychotherapy in Dementia Psychotherapy in dementia focuses on improving quality of life, managing emotions, and maintaining cognitive and social functioning. Approaches like cognitive stimulation, validation therapy, reminiscence therapy, and supportive counseling are commonly used. Therapy is adapted to the individual’s cognitive level and aims to reduce anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues.

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Empathy

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Empathy Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves both emotional and cognitive components—feeling what others feel and understanding their perspective. In psychotherapy, empathy helps build trust and connection, allowing clients to feel heard, validated, and supported during their healing journey.

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Token economies

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Token Economies Token economies are behavioral reinforcement systems where individuals earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors. These tokens can later be exchanged for rewards. Commonly used in schools, psychiatric settings, and rehabilitation centers, token economies help shape behavior by providing immediate and tangible reinforcement, promoting motivation and consistency in learning.

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Difference between positive punishment and negative punishment

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Difference Between Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior, like scolding a child for misbehavior. Negative punishment involves removing a pleasant stimulus, such as taking away a toy to reduce tantrums. Both aim to decrease undesirable behavior but use different methods—adding versus taking away stimuli.

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Inferential distortions

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Inferential Distortions Inferential distortions are incorrect assumptions or conclusions that individuals make about themselves, others, or situations. These distortions are common in anxiety and depression. For example, assuming others dislike you without evidence. Such faulty interpretations can lead to emotional distress and are targeted in cognitive therapies for correction.

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Cognitive analytic therapy

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Cognitive Analytic Therapy Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) is a time-limited, integrative psychotherapy that combines ideas from cognitive and psychoanalytic approaches. It helps individuals recognize maladaptive thought and behavior patterns rooted in past experiences. CAT uses tools like diagrams and letters to promote self-understanding and change. It is commonly used for personality and mood disorders.

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Psychosexual stages of development

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Psychosexual Stages of Development Freud’s psychosexual stages of development describe how personality develops through five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each stage is associated with a specific erogenous zone and conflict. Unresolved conflicts can lead to fixation. This theory emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality.

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