John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was a famous English philosopher and economist. He wrote about freedom, individuality, and the importance of happiness. In his work called Utilitarianism, he explored the idea that people should try to maximize happiness. However, he did not think all types of happiness were the same. One of his most quoted lines […]
St. Augustine (354–430 AD) was an early Christian theologian and philosopher whose works greatly shaped the direction of Western philosophy and political thinking. He lived during the decline of the Roman Empire, which influenced his views on politics, society, and religion. Even though he wrote many centuries ago, his ideas continue to impact how people
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Introduction St. Thomas Aquinas was a famous Christian thinker from the 13th century. He lived in a time when the Catholic Church held great power and influence in Europe. He tried to bring together religious beliefs with rational thinking, especially the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aquinas’s thoughts on the Church and the
How is Political Thought distinguished from Political Theory and Political Philosophy? Explain. Political thought, political theory, and political philosophy are interconnected yet distinct concepts within the broader domain of political studies. They each have their own scope, methodology, and focus. Understanding their differences helps scholars and students to better organize and analyze the rich tapestry
Introduction The Pampas region of Argentina, Uruguay, and parts of Brazil was one of the most fertile agricultural areas in the world and became known as the “food basket” for Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. From 1853 to 1930, the Pampas played a critical role in supplying grain, beef, and wool
(a) Patterns of Democratic Transition in Latin America Introduction Latin America has experienced multiple waves of democratic transitions over the past century. The region has shifted between authoritarian regimes, military dictatorships, and democratic governments, reflecting economic, social, and political struggles. While democracy has expanded in recent decades, many countries continue to face challenges such as
Introduction The relationship between political democracy and economic development has been a central issue in Latin America’s history. The region has experienced cycles of dictatorship and democracy, along with economic booms and crises. While democracy allows for greater citizen participation, transparency, and accountability, economic development provides stability, resources, and opportunities for a better quality of
(a) Juan Perón of Argentina Introduction Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974) was one of the most important political leaders in Argentina. He served as the President of Argentina three times (1946–1955, 1973–1974). His leadership focused on improving the lives of workers and the poor, strengthening Argentina’s economy, and reducing foreign influence. His political movement, known as
Latin America has a long history of peasant and land rights movements, driven by colonial land dispossession, extreme inequalities in land ownership, and conflicts between rural communities and large landowners or multinational corporations. Since the 19th and 20th centuries, peasants have organized to demand land redistribution, agrarian reform, and protection against displacement. These struggles have
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(a) Features of New Social Movements in Latin America Social movements in Latin America have historically played a crucial role in shaping political and economic transformations. While traditional movements focused on class struggle and labor rights, new social movements (NSMs) have emerged since the 1980s and 1990s, emphasizing identity politics, environmental issues, indigenous rights, gender
