Short Notes on Necrosis and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) (a) Necrosis Definition Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell injury that leads to premature cell death due to factors like trauma, infection, toxins, or lack of blood supply. It is often associated with inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. Key Features Uncontrolled cell death […]
Mitosis vs. Meiosis and the Role of Cyclin-CDK Complex in Cell Division Part A: Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis Feature Mitosis Meiosis Purpose Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction (producing gametes) Number of Cell Divisions One Two (Meiosis I and II) Daughter Cells Two genetically identical diploid cells Four genetically different haploid cells Chromosome
Signal Sequences and Mitochondrial Protein Targeting Introduction Proteins synthesized in the cell often need to be transported to specific organelles to perform their functions. This targeting is directed by special amino acid sequences known as signal sequences. In the case of mitochondria, proteins synthesized in the cytosol are directed to the mitochondrial matrix using such
Structure and Roles of Microtubules Introduction Microtubules are one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, along with microfilaments and intermediate filaments. They are long, hollow cylindrical structures made of protein tubulin. Microtubules provide structural support, help in intracellular transport, and play key roles during cell division and in maintaining the
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Cell Wall Composition of Prokaryotic Cells Introduction Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria and archaea, are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall. The cell wall provides structural support, determines cell shape, and protects the cell from osmotic pressure. The composition of the prokaryotic cell wall differs significantly between bacterial species, especially between Gram-positive
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Structure and Functions of the Golgi Apparatus Introduction The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is an essential organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It is involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for delivery to specific destinations within or outside the cell. Structure of the
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Types of Rotors and Their Applications in Cell Biology Introduction In cell biology and biochemistry, centrifugation is a widely used technique for separating mixtures of biological molecules based on their size, shape, and density. Rotors are crucial components of centrifuges that hold the tubes or sample containers. Different types of rotors are designed for specific
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Electron Microscopy: Definition and Comparison with Light Microscopy What is Electron Microscopy? Electron microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that uses a beam of electrons to visualize specimens at extremely high magnifications. Because electrons have much shorter wavelengths than visible light, they can resolve structures that are too small to be seen with light microscopes,
Confocal Microscopy: Theory, Components, and Applications Introduction Confocal microscopy is a powerful imaging technique used in biological and medical sciences. It allows researchers to obtain high-resolution, three-dimensional images of cells and tissues. Unlike conventional light microscopy, which often produces blurry images due to light scattering, confocal microscopy provides sharp, detailed images by focusing on a
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Fundamental Principles of Cell Theory and Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Fundamental Principles of Cell Theory Cell theory is a cornerstone of modern biology that explains the basic structure and function of all living organisms. It was developed in the 19th century by scientists like Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow. The main
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