September 2025

Discuss the major approaches to study the economy during colonial period in India.

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Introduction The colonial period in India had a deep and lasting impact on its economy. British rule introduced new systems, destroyed some traditional economic structures, and created a colonial economy that mainly served British interests. To understand this complex period, historians and economists have adopted various approaches. These approaches help us study how colonialism affected […]

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MHI-04: POLITICAL STRUCTURES IN INDIA – All Assignment Answers (2025-26)

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Master Index – IGNOU MHI-04 Assignment Answers (2025–2026) This post contains the complete list of answers for the MHI-04: POLITICAL STRUCTURES IN INDIA assignment for the academic session 2025–26. Each answer is written in simple and clear language, suitable for all IGNOU students. Section A On the basis of evidence of Puranic and epigraphic sources

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What were the objectives of the colonial revenue policy? Discuss.

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Introduction The British colonial government introduced new revenue policies in India with the main aim of collecting income for the state. These policies were very different from traditional Indian systems. They were designed to benefit the British economy, even if it harmed Indian farmers and the local economy. In this article, we will discuss the

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Comment on the nature of the colonial forest policy.

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Introduction The British colonial government introduced a forest policy in India during the 19th century to control and exploit natural resources, especially forests. This policy marked a major shift from traditional community-based forest use to centralized state control. The colonial forest policy had significant economic, environmental, and social effects. In this article, we will explore

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What was the nature of the Mughal administration? Discuss.

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Introduction The Mughal Empire, which ruled large parts of India from the early 16th to the 18th century, had one of the most sophisticated and centralized administrative systems in Indian history. The Mughal administration combined elements of Islamic governance with Indian traditions, creating a system that was effective, flexible, and deeply influential. In this article,

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Discuss the administration of the state during the Pandyan times.

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Introduction The Pandyas were one of the oldest and most powerful dynasties in South India. Their rule extended across various periods, but they were especially prominent during the early and late medieval periods (6th to 14th centuries CE). The administration during the Pandyan period reflects a well-organized and stable political system. In this article, we

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Comment on the state during the Chola times.

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Introduction The Chola dynasty, which ruled mainly in South India between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, is known for building a powerful and well-organized state. The Chola Empire is often considered a model of early Indian statecraft due to its effective administration, military strength, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements. In this article, we will

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Write a note on the formation of the Kingdom of Malwa.

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Introduction The Kingdom of Malwa was one of the prominent regional powers in central India during the late medieval period. Located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, Malwa had a long history of political importance due to its strategic position and fertile land. The formation of the Malwa Sultanate in the 15th century marked a significant phase

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Discuss the nature of state formation of the Bahmani kingdom.

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Introduction The Bahmani Kingdom (1347–1527 CE) was one of the most important medieval Islamic states in South India. It emerged as a breakaway state from the Delhi Sultanate under the leadership of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah. The Bahmani kingdom ruled over a large part of the Deccan and played a key role in the political and

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How have the modern historians looked at the state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period? Elaborate.

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Introduction The Delhi Sultanate period (1206–1526 CE) marked the beginning of centralized Muslim rule in northern India. Modern historians have studied this period in detail, especially focusing on how the state was formed, expanded, and maintained. Different historians have looked at this process through various lenses—political, economic, cultural, and administrative. In this article, we will

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