Introduction Early historic cities of India, which developed roughly between the 6th century BCE and 3rd century CE, are frequently mentioned in various ancient Indian texts. These texts, both religious and secular, provide vital information about the characteristics, social life, and economic activities of cities during that period. In this short note, we will explore […]
Early historic cities in Texts Read More »
Introduction During the Delhi Sultanate period (13th–16th century), cities in North India, especially Delhi, developed into cosmopolitan urban centers. A cosmopolitan city is one where people of different backgrounds, regions, religions, and cultures live and interact. Under the rule of the Delhi Sultans, several cities displayed characteristics of cosmopolitanism through their diverse populations, architecture, trade,
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Introduction The Gupta period (approximately 4th to 6th century CE) is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of ancient India due to its significant achievements in art, science, literature, and governance. This era also saw important developments in the urban landscape of north India. Urbanization during this time reflected both continuity from earlier periods
Examine the nature and character of urbanization in north India during Gupta period. Read More »
Introduction Early Historic urban centres of South India, which flourished between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE, mark an important phase in the region’s history. These towns were closely connected to trade, religion, and administration. They grew around rivers, coastal areas, and important trade routes, becoming vibrant centers of life and culture. In this
Discuss the characteristics of Early Historic urban centres of south India. Read More »
Introduction The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, is one of the oldest urban civilizations in the world. It existed around 2500 BCE in parts of present-day India and Pakistan. The cities of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira, and others were highly advanced and are known for their excellent urban planning. In this post,
Write a note on the urban planning in the Harappan cities Read More »
Introduction Medieval towns in India are a fascinating subject of study for historians and urban researchers. These towns were not just places of residence but also centers of political power, economic activity, religious life, and cultural exchange. Understanding medieval towns requires a variety of perspectives, and over the years, scholars have developed multiple approaches to
What are the different approaches to study the medieval towns? Read More »
Introduction This post provides a complete list of solved answers for the IGNOU MHI-09 assignment for the session 2025-26. Each answer is written in simple, student-friendly language to help learners understand important concepts related to the Indian National Movement. Click on the titles below to view the full answer. IGNOU MHI-09: Indian National Movement –
MHI-09 Assignment Answers 2025-26 – Complete List with Links Read More »
Introduction The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League were two of the most important political organizations during India’s freedom struggle. While the Congress aimed for a united and secular India, the Muslim League increasingly pushed for a separate Muslim nation, eventually leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The failure of Congress to
Introduction The Indian national movement aimed to unite all Indians against British rule. But Indian society was divided by religion, caste, language, and region. Among the most marginalized were the Dalits (formerly called ‘untouchables’) and religious minorities. Nationalist leaders understood that independence could not be achieved without the participation of all communities. In this post,
Introduction The participation of women in India’s revolutionary movement is a remarkable and often underrepresented aspect of the freedom struggle. While Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent campaigns involved mass participation of women, many brave women also joined the revolutionary movement—which involved secret organizations, armed resistance, and underground work against British colonial rule. In this post, we will
What was the role of women in revolutionary movement in India? Read More »
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