Introduction Photosystem I (PS I) is a key protein-pigment complex involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It plays a vital role in converting light energy into chemical energy, particularly in the form of NADPH. NADPH is an important molecule that helps drive the dark reactions or the Calvin cycle […]
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Introduction The Emerson enhancement effect is an important discovery in the field of plant photosynthesis. It was first observed by Robert Emerson in the 1950s and helped scientists understand how plants use light energy more efficiently when exposed to different wavelengths of light. This experiment changed the way we understand photosynthesis and led to the
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Introduction Plant vacuoles are membrane-bound structures found in the cells of plants. They are large, fluid-filled sacs that occupy a major part of the plant cell’s interior. These organelles are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast and play a variety of roles in maintaining the health and function of the plant cell. Their size
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Introduction The plant cell wall is one of the most important structures in plant biology. It gives the plant cell its shape, provides strength and support, and protects the plant from external damage. The cell wall is unique to plant cells and is not found in animal cells. It is made up of different layers
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IGNOU Assignment 2025 Course Title: Molecular Basis of Non-infectious Human Diseases Course Code: BBCET-145 Assignment Code: BBCET-145/TMA/2025 Maximum Marks: 100 Note: Attempt all questions. The marks for each question are indicated against it. Write the answers in your own words; do not copy from the course material. PART A a) Define the balance diet. Explain
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Introduction Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), commonly known as “bad cholesterol,” in the blood. It significantly increases the risk of early-onset cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. FH is one of the most common genetic lipid disorders and can be passed
Introduction Inherited metabolic disorders are genetic conditions that result from defects in specific enzymes involved in metabolism. Two classic examples are Alkaptonuria and Phenylketonuria (PKU). These disorders are autosomal recessive, meaning a child must inherit defective genes from both parents to be affected. Early diagnosis and management are critical to prevent complications. a) Alkaptonuria Cause:
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly. It leads to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It is the most common cause of dementia. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it involves complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Two hallmark features of Alzheimer’s disease
Introduction Anxiety is a normal emotional response to stress or danger. It is characterized by feelings of tension, worry, and physical changes like increased heart rate and sweating. While occasional anxiety is a normal part of life, chronic or intense anxiety that interferes with daily functioning may indicate an anxiety disorder. Definition of Anxiety Anxiety
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Introduction Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations that alter the regulation of cell growth and division. Two major types of genes involved in the development of cancer are proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. When these genes are altered, they disrupt the normal control of cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell growth — the
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