Introduction Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that governs how data is sent and received over the internet or a local network. It is part of the TCP/IP suite and is responsible for addressing, routing, and delivering packets of data between computers. Functions of IP Assigns unique IP addresses to each device on […]
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Introduction Star Topology is a type of network layout in which all devices (nodes) are connected to a central device called a hub or switch. It is one of the most commonly used network topologies in homes, offices, and institutions. How Star Topology Works In a star network, each device communicates through the central hub.
Introduction A printer is an output device used to produce physical copies (hard copies) of documents, images, or data from a computer or other digital device. Printers are commonly used in homes, offices, schools, and libraries. Types of Printers 1. Inkjet Printer Sprays tiny drops of ink directly onto the paper. It is commonly used
Introduction Communication protocols are standardized rules that allow devices to exchange data and information over a network. These protocols ensure that data is sent, received, and understood correctly between devices. Purpose of Communication Protocols Enable smooth data transmission Ensure compatibility between devices Manage errors and data formatting Control how data is initiated, transferred, and terminated
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Introduction The Von Neumann Architecture is a computer design model proposed by mathematician John von Neumann in 1945. It forms the foundation of most modern computers. The key concept is that both data and instructions are stored in the same memory space. Main Components of Von Neumann Architecture 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit
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Introduction Storage devices are hardware components used to store digital data. They are essential parts of any computer system and help retain data permanently or temporarily. Storage devices can be internal (inside the computer) or external (connected through USB or other ports). Main Types of Storage Devices 1. Primary Storage (Main Memory) RAM (Random Access
Introduction Malicious software, commonly known as malware, refers to any software designed to harm, exploit, or disrupt computers, networks, or data. It is intentionally created to damage systems, steal information, or spy on users without their consent. Malware can spread through emails, infected websites, USB drives, and software downloads. What is Malware? Malware is a
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Introduction LibreOffice is a free and open-source office suite developed by The Document Foundation. It offers a powerful and user-friendly set of tools for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, and more. It is considered a strong alternative to paid office suites like Microsoft Office and Apple iWork. Advantages of LibreOffice Over Other Office Suites 1.
Introduction An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides services for computer programs. It acts as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware, allowing users to interact with the machine efficiently. Examples include Windows, Linux, macOS, etc. Functions of an Operating System Process Management: Manages
Introduction This updated post includes all 10 answers for the IGNOU assignment BLI-223: Organising and Managing Information for the July 2025 and January 2026 sessions. Every answer is written in simple, student-friendly language and based on the latest syllabus guidelines. Complete List of Questions with Links Explain the rules in AACR-2R cataloguing of non-book materials.
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