2025

(i) Champaran Satyagraha Introduction The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi’s first major civil disobedience movement in India. It was a nonviolent protest against the exploitation of Indigo farmers by British landlords in Bihar. This movement marked the beginning of Gandhi’s leadership in India’s freedom struggle. A. Causes of the Champaran Satyagraha B. Key Events […]

(i) Conflict Transformation Introduction Conflict transformation is a long-term approach to peacebuilding that focuses on changing the underlying causes of conflict rather than just resolving immediate disputes. Unlike conflict resolution, which seeks short-term solutions, conflict transformation aims for deep, structural changes in society to ensure lasting peace. A. Key Principles of Conflict Transformation B. Difference

(i) Feminist Approach to Peacebuilding Introduction The feminist approach to peacebuilding emphasizes gender equality, women’s empowerment, and the role of women in conflict resolution. Unlike traditional peacebuilding models, which are often male-dominated, the feminist approach highlights the importance of including women’s voices in negotiations, policy-making, and post-conflict reconstruction. This approach is rooted in the belief

(i) Role of World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Introduction The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are two of the most influential international financial institutions. Established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, they aim to promote global economic stability, reduce poverty, and support economic development. While both organizations deal with

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj (self-rule) is one of his most significant political and social philosophies. Swaraj does not merely mean political independence from British rule; it is a broader vision of self-governance, self-reliance, and moral discipline at the individual, village, and national levels. Gandhi believed that Swaraj would lead to Sarvodaya (welfare of

Introduction The United Nations (UN) plays a critical role in resolving conflicts and promoting peace in developing societies. Established in 1945 after World War II, the UN’s primary goal is to prevent conflicts, mediate disputes, and support post-conflict reconstruction. Developing societies often face political instability, ethnic conflicts, economic crises, and human rights violations, making the

Introduction Conflict management refers to the process of handling, reducing, and resolving disputes between individuals, groups, or nations in a peaceful manner. It involves strategies that prevent conflicts from escalating into violence and promotes dialogue, negotiation, and long-term peace. Conflicts arise due to political, economic, social, and environmental factors. Effective conflict management ensures that disputes

Introduction Johan Galtung, a Norwegian sociologist and peace theorist, introduced the concepts of direct, structural, and cultural violence as part of his theory of violence and peace studies. According to Galtung, violence is not limited to physical harm (direct violence) but also includes systemic oppression (structural violence) and ideological justifications for violence (cultural violence). His

Introduction Post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation refer to efforts aimed at rebuilding societies affected by wars, conflicts, or disasters. It involves economic, political, social, and infrastructural rebuilding to ensure peace, stability, and long-term development. The goal is to restore governance, social cohesion, and economic opportunities while preventing future conflicts. The media plays a critical role in

(i) Gandhi’s Vision of Community Peace Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of community peace was based on harmony, justice, and nonviolence (Ahimsa). He believed that true peace was not just the absence of conflict but the presence of mutual respect, cooperation, and self-sufficiency. His philosophy emphasized Sarvodaya (welfare of all), ensuring that peace was inclusive and