2025

Introduction The European Union (EU) has emerged as a global leader in climate change policies and environmental protection. Over the past few decades, the EU has developed ambitious laws, regulations, and targets to address climate change, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and promote sustainable development. The EU’s approach to climate action is guided by the […]

Introduction The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the oldest and most significant policies of the European Union (EU), aimed at supporting farmers, ensuring food security, and promoting rural development. Established in 1962, CAP was designed to increase agricultural productivity, stabilize markets, and guarantee fair incomes for farmers. Over the decades, the policy has

Introduction India and the European Union (EU) share a long history of diplomatic, economic, and strategic relations. Since the establishment of formal diplomatic ties in 1962, India–EU relations have evolved significantly, moving from trade and development cooperation to a broad-based strategic partnership. The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner, and both sides collaborate in areas

Introduction The European Parliament (EP) is one of the key institutions of the European Union (EU) and serves as the directly elected legislative body representing the interests of EU citizens. Established in 1952 as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), it has evolved into a powerful institution within the EU’s

Introduction Feudalism is a historical socio-political system that dominated medieval Europe, characterized by decentralized political structures, hierarchical relationships, and mutual obligations between different levels of society. Some scholars have attempted to use feudalism as an analytical framework to explain European regional integration, particularly in understanding the power dynamics between the European Union (EU) institutions and

10. a) Ethnic and Racial Groups in Canada Introduction Canada is one of the most ethnically and racially diverse countries in the world. Its multicultural society is shaped by immigration, Indigenous heritage, and historical colonial influences. Canada’s diversity is protected under policies such as the Multiculturalism Act (1988) and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

9. a) Quebec Nationalism Introduction Quebec nationalism refers to the political and cultural movement advocating for the recognition, autonomy, and independence of Quebec, a predominantly French-speaking province in Canada. Quebec nationalists seek to preserve French language, culture, and identity within Canada, and some support full independence from Canada. The Quebec nationalist movement has shaped Canadian

8. a) Civil Society and Governance in Canada Introduction Civil society plays a crucial role in Canadian democracy and governance, influencing policies, advocating for human rights, and ensuring government accountability. Civil society in Canada consists of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), advocacy groups, labor unions, charities, think tanks, and social movements that work alongside the government to

7. a) Canada’s Human Security Agenda as Reflected in its Foreign Policy Introduction Canada has been a global leader in promoting human security, emphasizing peacekeeping, conflict resolution, human rights, and sustainable development in its foreign policy. Since the post-Cold War era, Canada has actively shaped the concept of human security, prioritizing the protection of individuals

6. a) Federalism in Canada Introduction Federalism in Canada is a system of government where powers are divided between the federal government and the provinces/territories. Canada’s federalism is unique due to its bilingual, multicultural, and regional diversity, making it distinct from other federal systems like that of the United States. Since 1867, Canada’s federal structure