2025

Introduction Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in modern society by addressing social, economic, environmental, and political issues. They work independently of the government and often fill gaps in public services, human rights advocacy, and disaster relief. NGOs are significant because they promote grassroots democracy, empower marginalized communities, and provide humanitarian assistance. Their role […]

Introduction Globalization is the integration of economies, cultures, and societies through trade, communication, and technology. It has reshaped the relationship between the market (private sector), the state (government), and civil society (NGOs, activists, and communities). While globalization has boosted economic growth and interconnectedness, it has also weakened state control, empowered corporations, and created challenges for

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj goes beyond political independence; it embodies self-reliance, self-discipline, and self-governance at the individual, community, and national levels. For Gandhi, Swaraj meant that true freedom is not just liberation from colonial rule but also economic, social, and moral self-sufficiency. His idea of Swaraj was deeply connected with Satyagraha (truth-force), Ahimsa

Introduction The classical notion of civil society originates from Greek, Roman, and Enlightenment political thought, where it was considered an intermediary space between the state and individuals. Thinkers like Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Hegel, and Marx contributed to its evolution. Civil society was traditionally viewed as a self-regulating social structure that upheld order, morality, and economic

(i) National Food Security Act (NFSA, 2013) Introduction The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, also known as the Right to Food Act, aims to provide subsidized food grains to the poor and ensure food security for all citizens of India. It is one of the world’s largest social welfare programs, benefiting over 67% of

(i) Human Trafficking, Gender, and Environmental Issues Introduction Human trafficking is a global crime that exploits men, women, and children for forced labor, sexual slavery, and illegal trade. It is deeply linked to gender inequality and environmental crises, as marginalized communities are most vulnerable. A. Human Trafficking and Gender Discrimination B. Link Between Human Trafficking

(i) Gandhian Vision of Human Security at the Global Level Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of human security was based on nonviolence (Ahimsa), self-reliance (Swaraj), and justice (Sarvodaya). Unlike modern security concepts, which focus on military strength and state power, Gandhi’s approach emphasized peace, economic equality, human dignity, and environmental sustainability at the global level. A.

(i) Marginalization of Women in India Introduction Marginalization of women refers to the exclusion and discrimination faced by women in social, economic, and political spheres. Despite legal protections and progress in gender equality, women in India continue to face inequality in education, employment, health, and political representation. Marginalization affects women from marginalized castes, rural areas,

(i) Poverty Eradication in India Introduction Poverty remains one of India’s biggest socio-economic challenges, affecting millions of people despite economic growth. The Indian government has launched various poverty eradication programs focusing on employment, food security, education, and rural development. The goal is to reduce poverty by improving living standards, increasing income opportunities, and providing social

Introduction The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is one of the largest government welfare programs in India, launched in 1975. It aims to provide nutrition, healthcare, education, and early childhood development services to children under six years of age, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. This essay examines the various initiatives under ICDS, highlighting how the