2025

Introduction The United Nations (UN) plays a critical role in resolving conflicts and promoting peace in developing societies. Established in 1945 after World War II, the UN’s primary goal is to prevent conflicts, mediate disputes, and support post-conflict reconstruction. Developing societies often face political instability, ethnic conflicts, economic crises, and human rights violations, making the […]

Introduction Conflict management refers to the process of handling, reducing, and resolving disputes between individuals, groups, or nations in a peaceful manner. It involves strategies that prevent conflicts from escalating into violence and promotes dialogue, negotiation, and long-term peace. Conflicts arise due to political, economic, social, and environmental factors. Effective conflict management ensures that disputes

Introduction Johan Galtung, a Norwegian sociologist and peace theorist, introduced the concepts of direct, structural, and cultural violence as part of his theory of violence and peace studies. According to Galtung, violence is not limited to physical harm (direct violence) but also includes systemic oppression (structural violence) and ideological justifications for violence (cultural violence). His

Introduction Post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation refer to efforts aimed at rebuilding societies affected by wars, conflicts, or disasters. It involves economic, political, social, and infrastructural rebuilding to ensure peace, stability, and long-term development. The goal is to restore governance, social cohesion, and economic opportunities while preventing future conflicts. The media plays a critical role in

(i) Gandhi’s Vision of Community Peace Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of community peace was based on harmony, justice, and nonviolence (Ahimsa). He believed that true peace was not just the absence of conflict but the presence of mutual respect, cooperation, and self-sufficiency. His philosophy emphasized Sarvodaya (welfare of all), ensuring that peace was inclusive and

(i) Gandhi’s Views on the ‘Ethics of Strikes’ Introduction Mahatma Gandhi viewed strikes as a legitimate form of protest, but only when conducted ethically and nonviolently. He believed that strikes should not be driven by selfish interests or political motives but should be based on moral and just demands. While he supported workers’ rights, he

(i) Concept of Positive Peace Introduction Positive peace is a concept in peace studies that goes beyond the absence of war and violence. It refers to a stable, just, and fair society where people enjoy equality, human rights, and opportunities for development. Unlike negative peace, which is merely the absence of direct violence, positive peace

(i) Relevance of Dialogue and Negotiation in the Contemporary World Introduction In today’s globalized world, dialogue and negotiation are essential tools for resolving conflicts, promoting peace, and building diplomatic relations. They help prevent violence, war, and social unrest by creating opportunities for mutual understanding and compromise. A. Importance of Dialogue and Negotiation in Conflict Resolution

(i) People’s Participation in Peace Process Introduction People’s participation in the peace process refers to the active involvement of individuals, communities, and civil society in conflict resolution, peace negotiations, and post-conflict rebuilding. Lasting peace is possible only when citizens, grassroots organizations, and social movements play a role in decision-making and reconciliation efforts. A. Importance of

Introduction Education plays a fundamental role in shaping societies, promoting peace, and preventing conflicts. A well-educated society is more likely to embrace tolerance, nonviolence, and social harmony. Mahatma Gandhi viewed education as a means for character-building, moral development, and self-reliance, emphasizing that true education should uplift individuals and create a just society. This essay critically