Sleep Cycle The sleep cycle refers to the progression through different stages of sleep that occur in a cyclic pattern throughout the night. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 to 120 minutes and is repeated 4 to 6 times during a typical night of sleep. Stages of Sleep NREM Sleep (Non-Rapid Eye Movement): Stage 1: Light […]
Sensory Receptors Sensory receptors are specialized cells or nerve endings that respond to specific types of stimuli from the environment and convert them into electrical signals that the nervous system can process. Types of Sensory Receptors Mechanoreceptors: Detect pressure, vibration, and touch (e.g., in skin and inner ear). Thermoreceptors: Respond to changes in temperature (cold
Explain the Structure of a Typical Neuron. How Do Neurons Transmit Electrical Signals Through Action Potentials? Structure of a Typical Neuron A neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system, specialized for transmitting signals. Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and organelles; metabolic center of the neuron. Dendrites: Branched extensions that receive signals from
Discuss the Sliding Filament Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction The sliding filament mechanism explains how muscles contract at the microscopic level, involving interaction between actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) within the sarcomeres of muscle fibers. Key Components Actin: Thin filament with binding sites for myosin. Myosin: Thick filament with heads that bind to
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Write a Brief Overview on Development of Testis and Ovary The development of the testis and ovary, known as gonadal differentiation, occurs during embryogenesis and determines the sexual characteristics of the individual. Initially, embryos possess undifferentiated gonads capable of forming either testes or ovaries. 1. Indifferent Stage In early embryonic development (around 5th to 6th
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Discuss the Role of Liver as Metabolic Organ The liver is one of the most vital organs in the human body and acts as a central hub for metabolic processes. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and performs detoxification, hormone metabolism, and bile production. 1. Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycogenesis: Conversion of glucose into
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Describe the Secretory Function of Digestive System The digestive system consists of various organs that secrete enzymes, hormones, and fluids essential for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. These secretions originate from both accessory glands and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract lining. Major Secretory Organs and Their Functions 1. Salivary Glands Secrete saliva which contains amylase
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Explain How Antidiuretic Hormone Regulates Water Balance in the Body Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, plays a critical role in maintaining water balance and regulating blood pressure. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Mechanism of Action When the body is dehydrated or blood osmolality
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Discuss the Process of Urine Formation in Kidney The kidneys form urine through three main steps: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes occur in the functional unit of the kidney called the nephron. 1. Glomerular Filtration Occurs in the glomerulus, a tuft of capillaries within Bowman’s capsule. Blood pressure forces water and solutes (like urea,
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Describe the Transport Mechanisms of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Oxygen Transport Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues mainly by hemoglobin in red blood cells. Oxyhemoglobin: About 98.5% of oxygen binds reversibly to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂). Dissolved Oxygen: About 1.5% dissolves directly in plasma and is available for immediate use
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