2025

Introduction The reservation in India is one of the most debated and impactful policies aimed at providing social justice and equal opportunities to historically disadvantaged communities. Introduced as an affirmative action measure, reservation provides scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), and other backward classes (OBCs) with quotas in education, government jobs, and political representation. However, […]

Introduction Ethnic movements in India have been an important aspect of the country’s social and political landscape. These movements emerge when ethnic, linguistic, or tribal groups feel marginalized and demand greater political rights, autonomy, or even independence. Ethnic movements often arise due to historical grievances, economic disparities, cultural identity struggles, and political exclusion. India, being

Introduction Social movements in India have played a significant role in shaping the country’s political, economic, and social landscape. From anti-colonial struggles to modern rights-based movements, these collective efforts have influenced policies, governance, and social justice. Scholars have developed various approaches to studying social movements, each offering a different perspective on their causes, strategies, and

Introduction Social movements emerge due to grievances, collective action, and the availability of resources. Two of the most influential theories explaining the rise of social movements are: Both theories provide different perspectives on how and why social movements develop. While RMT highlights the role of leadership, organization, and funding, RDT emphasizes perceived inequalities and frustrations

Introduction The political mobilization of Dalits in India has been a crucial part of the country’s democratic evolution, as Dalits have historically faced social exclusion, economic deprivation, and political marginalization. Over the years, various social and political movements have emerged to empower Dalits and challenge the caste hierarchy. One of the most significant political movements

(a) The International Criminal Court (ICC) Introduction The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent, independent judicial institution that prosecutes individuals for war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. Established by the Rome Statute in 1998, the ICC plays a crucial role in ensuring that those responsible for serious crimes do not

Introduction Regional organizations play a crucial role in preventing conflicts and resolving disputes through diplomacy, peacekeeping missions, and economic cooperation. These organizations focus on maintaining regional stability, fostering economic partnerships, and ensuring peaceful coexistence among member states. Some of the most prominent regional organizations involved in conflict prevention and resolution include: While these organizations have

(a) INF Treaty as an Arms Control Measure Introduction The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was a landmark arms control agreement signed between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 to reduce the risk of nuclear war. It specifically targeted intermediate-range and short-range ballistic and cruise missiles to enhance global security. This short

Introduction Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) are diplomatic tools used to reduce tensions, prevent conflicts, and promote trust between nations. CBMs are particularly important in regions with historical rivalries and security threats, such as Asia and Europe. While both regions have adopted CBMs to strengthen peace and security, their approaches differ significantly due to historical, political, and

Introduction The terms arms control and disarmament are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings and objectives in the field of international security and peacekeeping. Both aim to reduce the risks of war and military conflict, but they do so in different ways. Understanding the differences between arms control and disarmament is crucial in