Nature vs Nurture Debate The nature vs. nurture debate explores whether human development is driven more by genetic inheritance (nature) or environmental factors (nurture). Nature emphasizes biological traits and heredity, while nurture focuses on upbringing, culture, and experiences. Most psychologists agree both interact to shape behavior and personality.
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Formal Operation Stage The formal operation stage, proposed by Piaget, begins around age 11 and continues into adulthood. It is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically. Adolescents can solve complex problems, reason scientifically, and consider multiple perspectives or outcomes during this stage.
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Critical Periods During Development Critical periods are specific time frames in development when the brain is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. Missing these windows can lead to irreversible deficits. For example, early childhood is a critical period for language acquisition and sensory development like vision and hearing.
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Identity Crisis Identity crisis is a psychological conflict during adolescence, as described by Erik Erikson. It involves questioning one’s sense of self, values, and direction in life. Teenagers may explore different roles and beliefs to form a stable identity. Failure to resolve this crisis can lead to confusion and low self-esteem.
Growth Spurt A growth spurt is a rapid increase in height and weight that typically occurs during puberty. It marks significant physical development, especially in bones and muscles. For girls, it usually begins around ages 10–12, and for boys around 12–14. Hormonal changes largely drive this process.
Relationships in Late Adulthood In late adulthood, relationships often become fewer but deeper. Older adults value emotional closeness and meaningful connections, especially with family and close friends. They may experience loss of a spouse or peers, making companionship and social support crucial for psychological well-being and life satisfaction.
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Characteristics of Infancy Stage The infancy stage (birth to 2 years) is marked by rapid physical growth, sensory development, and motor skills acquisition. Infants form strong emotional bonds, begin to recognize caregivers, and develop basic language and cognitive abilities. Trust vs. mistrust is the central psychosocial conflict according to Erikson.
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Educational Approach for Hearing Impaired Children Education for hearing impaired children includes visual-based methods like sign language, lip reading, and captioned content. Approaches such as Total Communication or Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) models are used to support both language development and inclusion. Use of hearing aids or cochlear implants may also enhance learning outcomes.
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Concept Formation Concept formation is the cognitive process of grouping similar objects, events, or ideas into categories based on shared features. It helps in organizing information and making sense of the world. For example, recognizing apples, bananas, and grapes as fruits involves understanding the concept of “fruit.”
Introduction Adolescence is a transitional stage marked by significant physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes. It generally occurs between ages 12 and 18. During this period, individuals undergo rapid development while trying to form a stable identity, which often leads to internal and external challenges. Understanding these issues is crucial for supporting adolescents effectively. Challenges
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