2025

Write a Short Note on Each Part of the Following Questions (250 Words Each) a) Gujral Doctrine b) River-Disputes

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(a) Gujral Doctrine The Gujral Doctrine was a set of foreign policy principles introduced by I.K. Gujral, India’s External Affairs Minister (1996-1997) and later Prime Minister (1997-1998). It aimed to improve relations with India’s neighboring countries through non-reciprocal cooperation and mutual respect. Key Principles of the Gujral Doctrine 1. Non-Reciprocal Cooperation: India, as the largest […]

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Write a Short Note on Each Part of the Following Questions (250 Words Each) a) SAARC b) BIMSTEC

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(a) SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 with the objective of promoting regional cooperation, economic integration, and cultural exchange among South Asian nations. The eight member states of SAARC are India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, and Afghanistan (joined in

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Write a Short Note on Each Part of the Following Questions (250 Words Each) a) Federal features in foreign policy b) India’s ‘SAGAR’ POLICY

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(a) Federal Features in Foreign Policy India’s foreign policy, although primarily centralized under the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), has elements of federalism due to the growing role of states in international diplomacy. While the Constitution of India vests foreign policy powers with the central government, certain aspects of

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Indian Foreign Policy Has Undergone Many Changes Since Its Beginning; Identify the Major Changes in the Last 10 Years.

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Indian foreign policy has evolved significantly over the last decade, reflecting shifts in global power dynamics, economic priorities, and security concerns. While India’s core principles—non-alignment, strategic autonomy, and peaceful coexistence—remain intact, its diplomatic engagements have become more pragmatic, assertive, and globalized. The period from 2014 to 2024 has witnessed several key transformations in India’s approach

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What is the Neighborhood First Policy of India? Explain its Success and Failures.

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The Neighborhood First Policy is a diplomatic initiative adopted by India to strengthen ties with its immediate neighbors in South Asia. The policy aims to enhance regional cooperation, economic integration, and strategic partnerships with countries in the Indian subcontinent. By prioritizing relations with its neighbors, India seeks to promote peace, stability, and prosperity in the

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What Are the Major Issues Between India-China Relations? Explain.

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India and China, two of the world’s largest and most populous countries, share a complex relationship marked by cooperation and competition. While both nations engage in economic partnerships and regional forums, their bilateral ties have been strained due to historical disputes, border tensions, trade imbalances, and geopolitical rivalries. Major Issues in India-China Relations 1. Border

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Explain the Role of Different Agencies Which Formulate the Foreign Policy of India

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India’s foreign policy is a strategic framework that governs the country’s interactions with other nations, ensuring national security, economic growth, and global influence. The formulation of India’s foreign policy is a collaborative effort involving multiple agencies and institutions, each contributing to different aspects of international diplomacy and decision-making. Key Agencies Involved in Foreign Policy Formulation

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Write short notes on the following in 250 words each: a) Modalities for people’s participation. b) Sustainable development and governance.

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A) Modalities for People’s Participation People’s participation refers to the active involvement of citizens in governance, decision-making, and developmental activities at the local, regional, and national levels. It strengthens democracy, promotes accountability, and ensures that government policies reflect the needs of the people. Various modalities or methods facilitate meaningful public participation in governance. Key Modalities

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Examine the Structure, Powers, and Functions of Local Government

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Local government plays a crucial role in decentralised governance by bringing administration closer to the people. It ensures that governance is more participatory, efficient, and responsive to local needs. In India, local government operates at two levels: rural local bodies (Panchayati Raj Institutions) and urban local bodies (Municipalities). The structure, powers, and functions of local

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Owing to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, municipalities are functioning as effective institutions of local self-government at the grassroots level.

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The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, was a landmark reform aimed at strengthening urban governance in India. By providing a constitutional status to municipalities, it institutionalized democratic decentralization at the urban level and empowered local bodies to act as effective institutions of self-governance. This amendment has played a crucial role in improving urban planning, service

Owing to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, municipalities are functioning as effective institutions of local self-government at the grassroots level. Read More »

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