2025

Modernist theories on nationalism & Swadeshi movement

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5. Short Notes a) Modernist Theories on Nationalism Modernist theories of nationalism argue that nationalism is a product of modern society, emerging in the context of industrialization, print capitalism, and centralized states. Scholars like Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, and Eric Hobsbawm are key proponents of this view. Gellner emphasized that nationalism arises to match cultural […]

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Write a note on the Non-cooperation movement.

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Introduction The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a significant phase in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. Marking the transition from elite to mass politics, the movement mobilized millions of Indians from diverse backgrounds. It was the first all-India campaign of civil disobedience and non-violent resistance against colonial rule. 1.

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Discuss the ideologies and activities of the revolutionary nationalists during the 1920s and 1930s.

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Introduction The revolutionary nationalists in India during the 1920s and 1930s played a significant role in intensifying the struggle against British colonial rule. Unlike the moderate and Gandhian streams of nationalism, revolutionary nationalists believed in direct action, including the use of armed resistance and political violence, to overthrow colonialism. This period saw a resurgence in

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Write a note on economic nationalism with special reference to Indian thinkers.

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Introduction Economic nationalism refers to a political and ideological movement that emphasizes national control over the economy, protection of indigenous industries, and resistance to foreign economic domination. In the Indian context, economic nationalism emerged as a significant facet of the anti-colonial struggle, where nationalists sought to assert economic sovereignty against British colonial exploitation. Indian thinkers

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Compare the views of the Marxist and Subaltern Studies historians on Indian nationalism.

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Introduction Indian nationalism, as a subject of historical inquiry, has attracted diverse interpretations from various schools of historiography. Two of the most prominent perspectives in the post-independence era are the Marxist and Subaltern Studies approaches. While both challenge colonial and nationalist elitist narratives, they differ significantly in methodology, focus, and ideological orientation. This essay compares

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MHI-08: History of Ecology and Environment in India – Assignment Answer Index (2024-25)

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IGNOU MHI-08 Solved Assignment (2024-25) Below are the solved answers for the MHI-08: History of Ecology and Environment in India course, as per the latest 2024-25 assignment guidelines. Each answer is written in over 500 words in simple, student-friendly language and published individually for easy reading and sharing. Click on each question below to view

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Discuss the salient feature of Gandhi’s non-industrial model of development.

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Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of development was fundamentally different from the industrial and capitalist models propagated during colonial and modern times. His non-industrial model emphasized self-reliance, village-centric economies, simplicity, and sustainability. Grounded in ethical and ecological values, Gandhi’s ideas offered an alternative to exploitative and environmentally damaging industrialization. This essay explores the key features of

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Is there an inevitable contradiction between ‘environment’ and ‘development’? Discuss.

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Introduction The debate on the relationship between environment and development has been central to modern policy discourse. On one side, development demands industrial growth, infrastructure expansion, and economic acceleration, often leading to environmental degradation. On the other, environmental conservation emphasizes sustainability, resource preservation, and ecological balance. This has raised the question: Is there an inevitable

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Pre-Colonial water management system was very different from the colonial water management systems. Elaborate.

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Introduction Water management has been a cornerstone of civilizations across the Indian subcontinent. Pre-colonial India had a decentralized, community-based approach to managing water resources, adapted to local geography and climate. In contrast, colonial water management introduced centralized, revenue-oriented systems that often disrupted traditional practices. This essay explores the fundamental differences between the two approaches and

Pre-Colonial water management system was very different from the colonial water management systems. Elaborate. Read More »

How did the Industrial revolution and its spread shaped the colonial power’s perception of environment?

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Introduction The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in global history, transforming economies, societies, and environments. Originating in Britain in the late 18th century, it spread to other parts of Europe and eventually influenced colonial powers, including their rule in India. The revolution altered the colonial powers’ perception of the environment — from a

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