(a) Fisher Folk of Kerala
Introduction
The fisher folk of Kerala are an integral part of the state’s coastal economy and culture, contributing significantly to marine fisheries and traditional livelihoods. However, they face multiple socio-economic challenges due to climate change, declining fish stocks, and competition from mechanized trawlers.
1. Economic and Social Importance
- Kerala’s coastal population depends on fishing for their livelihood and sustenance.
- The state is known for marine and inland fisheries, with species like tuna, sardines, and shrimp being major exports.
- Traditional fishing practices, such as catamaran sailing and Chinese fishing nets, are still in use.
2. Challenges Faced by Kerala’s Fisher Folk
A. Climate Change and Environmental Issues
- Rising sea levels and unpredictable monsoons affect fish availability.
- Coastal erosion has destroyed fishing villages.
B. Competition from Mechanized Trawlers
- Large commercial fishing companies outcompete small-scale traditional fishermen, leading to income losses.
C. Lack of Government Support and Welfare
- Although Kerala has schemes for fishermen’s pensions, subsidies, and insurance, many do not benefit due to bureaucratic delays.
3. Movements and Protests
- The Kerala Fishermen’s Struggle (2018) protested against the construction of the Vizhinjam port, fearing displacement and environmental damage.
- Fisheries cooperatives are being promoted to help communities gain fair prices for their catch.
The government must focus on sustainable fishing policies and provide better welfare schemes to protect Kerala’s fisher folk.
(b) Women’s Movements in India
Introduction
Women’s movements in India have played a key role in challenging gender inequality, patriarchy, and social injustice. These movements have focused on issues such as women’s suffrage, legal rights, labor rights, and violence against women.
1. Historical Phases of Women’s Movements in India
A. Social Reform Movements (19th–Early 20th Century)
- Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Savitribai Phule campaigned for women’s education, widow remarriage, and abolition of Sati.
- Women’s participation in the Indian freedom struggle (e.g., Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi) raised awareness about gender equality.
B. Post-Independence Women’s Movements (1950s–1970s)
- The focus shifted to legal rights, employment, and gender equality in education.
- The Mathura Rape Case (1972) sparked protests, leading to legal reforms on sexual violence.
C. Contemporary Women’s Movements (1980s–Present)
- The Nirbhaya Movement (2012) demanded stricter laws on rape and gender violence.
- The #MeToo Movement (2017–2018) in India highlighted sexual harassment in workplaces.
2. Key Achievements of Women’s Movements
- Legal Reforms: Introduction of The Domestic Violence Act (2005) and The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act (2013).
- Reservation in Politics: Women’s reservation in Panchayati Raj institutions (33%) and efforts for Parliamentary quota.
- Awareness and Empowerment: Increased participation of women in education, politics, and corporate sectors.
Despite progress, challenges like gender-based violence, wage gap, and discrimination continue. Women’s movements remain a critical force for ensuring gender justice in India.
Conclusion
Both Kerala’s fisher folk and women’s movements highlight social and economic struggles in India. While fisher communities demand better rights and sustainable policies, women’s movements push for gender equality and legal protections. These movements emphasize the need for inclusive development and progressive reforms in India’s social structure.
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