(i) Gandhi’s Views on Liquor Taxation
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi was a strong opponent of alcohol consumption, considering it a social evil that led to poverty, crime, and moral degradation. His views on liquor taxation were linked to his broader philosophy of prohibition and social upliftment. He believed that the government should not profit from alcohol sales and instead should work towards eradicating liquor consumption through moral persuasion and legal restrictions.
A. Gandhi’s Opposition to Liquor and Its Taxation
1. Alcohol as a Social and Economic Evil
- Gandhi viewed alcohol as a destructive force that harmed families, drained financial resources, and led to crime.
- He argued that many poor families suffered because men wasted their earnings on liquor, causing financial ruin.
2. Opposition to Government Dependence on Liquor Tax Revenue
- During British rule, a significant portion of government revenue came from excise duties on liquor.
- Gandhi criticized this, arguing that governments should not fund development by encouraging alcohol consumption.
3. Demand for Prohibition Instead of Liquor Taxation
- Instead of collecting liquor taxes, Gandhi wanted a complete ban on alcohol to promote a healthier society.
- He saw prohibition as an essential part of Swaraj (self-rule) and moral governance.
- Example: Gandhi’s influence led to the inclusion of prohibition as a Directive Principle in Article 47 of the Indian Constitution, which urges the state to work towards banning alcohol.
B. Relevance of Gandhi’s Views Today
- Many Indian states (e.g., Gujarat, Bihar) have implemented prohibition laws, aligning with Gandhi’s vision.
- However, critics argue that liquor taxes are a major source of revenue and banning alcohol completely leads to a rise in illegal liquor sales and black markets.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s opposition to liquor taxation was rooted in his moral philosophy, emphasizing social responsibility over economic benefits. While prohibition remains a controversial policy, his vision continues to influence state-level alcohol regulations in India.
(ii) The Apartheid System in South Africa
Introduction
Apartheid was a racial segregation system that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994, where the white minority ruled over the non-white majority, enforcing legal and social discrimination. The system was dismantled after decades of resistance, international pressure, and leadership from figures like Nelson Mandela.
A. Features of the Apartheid System
1. Racial Segregation in Public Life
- Apartheid laws classified South Africans into racial groups (White, Black, Coloured, Indian).
- Non-whites were denied access to white-only schools, hospitals, and public spaces.
2. Discriminatory Laws
- Pass Laws: Non-whites had to carry passbooks to move in white areas.
- Group Areas Act (1950): Forced non-whites to live in separate residential areas.
- Bantu Education Act: Provided inferior education to non-white children.
3. Political and Economic Oppression
- Non-whites were denied voting rights and representation in government.
- Blacks were restricted to low-wage jobs and had limited land ownership rights.
B. Resistance Against Apartheid
1. Nonviolent and Armed Resistance
- African National Congress (ANC) led peaceful protests, strikes, and boycotts.
- Example: The Sharpeville Massacre (1960) – South African police killed 69 unarmed protesters.
2. Role of Nelson Mandela
- Nelson Mandela, leader of the ANC, was imprisoned for 27 years for fighting against apartheid.
- After international pressure and domestic protests, he was released in 1990 and led negotiations to end apartheid.
3. International Pressure and Sanctions
- Countries imposed economic sanctions and banned South Africa from international sports and trade.
C. End of Apartheid and Its Legacy
- 1994: Apartheid officially ended, and Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first Black president.
- The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was formed to heal the country’s racial wounds.
Conclusion
Apartheid was a systematic racial oppression policy, but persistent resistance and international solidarity led to its collapse. Today, South Africa still struggles with racial and economic inequalities, but its transition to democracy remains a symbol of nonviolent resistance and justice.
Final Thoughts
While Gandhi’s opposition to liquor taxation focused on moral and social well-being, the struggle against apartheid highlights the power of nonviolent resistance against systemic oppression. Both topics emphasize the importance of ethical leadership, human rights, and social justice.
For More Political Science and Nonviolent Movements Assignment Questions, Visit:
For more political science assignment questions visit
To search other questions, visit
To see the assignment questions, visit