Introduction
The early census operations in India, initiated under British colonial rule, were significant for administrative and political purposes. The first synchronous census was conducted in 1881, although several regional attempts were made prior to that. The early census was not just a demographic exercise but also a tool for colonial governance and control.
Pre-1881 Censuses
Before 1881, population estimates were conducted in fragmented ways. Various provinces like Madras and Bombay undertook enumeration efforts during the 1860s and 1870s, but these lacked standardization. The need for a uniform system became apparent as the British sought to streamline administration, taxation, and law enforcement.
The 1881 Census
The 1881 census was the first pan-India census conducted simultaneously across British India. Led by W.C. Plowden, it marked the beginning of decennial census operations. It gathered information on population, caste, religion, language, occupation, and disabilities.
Purpose and Features
- It was primarily designed to aid in governance, resource allocation, and military recruitment.
- It classified Indian society into rigid categories, especially in terms of caste and tribe, which had long-term sociopolitical implications.
- Religious and linguistic classifications were used to justify colonial policies of divide and rule.
Criticism and Impact
While the census helped build a foundation for modern statistics in India, it was also criticized for inaccuracies, rigid classifications, and reinforcing social hierarchies. The colonial census institutionalized identities in ways that continue to influence Indian society.
Conclusion
The early census in India was both an administrative innovation and a political tool. It set the stage for future demographic studies while also shaping colonial narratives about Indian society.