Understanding Figure in Categorical Syllogism
In traditional logic, a syllogism has a structure determined by its mood and figure. There are four figures in syllogisms, each based on the position of the middle term in the premises. Figure is the most complex and less frequently used of these.
Structure of Figure
In Figure , the middle term (M) appears as:
- Major Premise: P – M
- Minor Premise: M – S
- Conclusion: S – P
Here, S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate, and M is the middle term.
Example of Figure
Premise 1: All animals are living beings. (P – M)
Premise 2: All humans are animals. (M – S)
Conclusion: Therefore, all humans are living beings. (S – P)
Conclusion
Figure is logically valid in certain moods like AEE, AAI, etc., and helps in constructing arguments where the middle term connects in an indirect order. Understanding syllogistic figures strengthens the ability to evaluate logical reasoning.