Introduction
This response includes short notes on two selected topics: (b) Caste-based affirmative action and (c) Social mobility due to education. Both concepts are crucial in understanding how social change and equity are pursued in stratified societies like India.
b. Caste-Based Affirmative Action
Definition
Caste-based affirmative action refers to special policies and measures designed to uplift historically disadvantaged caste groups, particularly Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC), by improving their access to education, employment, and political representation.
Objective
- To reduce caste-based inequality and social exclusion
- To provide equal opportunities to marginalized communities
- To promote social justice and inclusive development
Key Measures
- Reservation: Reserved seats in educational institutions, government jobs, and legislatures
- Scholarships and fellowships: Financial support to students from SC/ST/OBC backgrounds
- Legal protection: Laws against caste-based discrimination and violence
Impact
- Helped increase representation of SC/ST/OBC in government services and education
- Created a new middle class among marginalized groups
- Still faces criticism over efficiency, misuse, and exclusion of the most poor within categories
Challenges
- Continued caste prejudice and discrimination in practice
- Economic inequality within caste groups
- Debate over ‘creamy layer’ and need-based versus caste-based reservations
c. Social Mobility Due to Education
Definition
Social mobility due to education refers to the process by which individuals or groups improve their social status through educational attainment. It is considered one of the most effective tools for upward mobility in modern societies.
Mechanism
- Education provides skills and knowledge needed for better employment opportunities
- Higher income through education improves living standards, housing, and healthcare
- Educated individuals can participate in political and social decision-making
Examples
- Students from rural and low-income families becoming doctors, engineers, or civil servants
- Increased enrollment of girls and marginalized groups in schools and universities due to government programs
Government Initiatives
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme to promote school attendance
- Right to Education Act (2009)
- Scholarships and fee waivers for disadvantaged communities
Challenges
- Quality of education varies between urban and rural areas
- Language barriers and caste discrimination in higher education
- Digital divide and lack of resources during COVID-19 affected poor students
Conclusion
Both caste-based affirmative action and access to quality education are essential in promoting social mobility and reducing inequality. While affirmative action provides entry into institutions, education empowers individuals to break the cycle of poverty and social exclusion. Together, these measures contribute significantly to building a more just and equitable society.