Introduction
Folklore is an important part of human culture. It includes the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, songs, and practices of a community passed through generations. Folklore studies help us understand the way people live, think, and express themselves. In folklore studies, different genres or types are studied to explore these expressions. In this answer, we will explain the main genres of folklore with examples in simple language.
Main Genres in Folklore Studies
1. Folk Narratives
Folk narratives are stories that people tell each other. These stories are usually passed down orally from one generation to another. Folk narratives can be divided into several types:
- Myths: These are sacred stories that explain the origin of the world, gods, and nature. For example, in Indian culture, the story of Lord Vishnu’s avatars is a myth.
- Legends: These are stories believed to be true but are not always based on facts. For example, the story of King Ashoka converting to Buddhism after the Kalinga war is a legend.
- Folktales: These are fictional stories meant for entertainment. For example, the stories of Akbar and Birbal or Tenali Raman are popular folktales.
2. Folk Songs
Folk songs are traditional songs sung by common people. They often reflect the joys, sorrows, love, and struggles of everyday life. These songs are usually sung during festivals, weddings, or while working in the fields. For example, in Punjab, people sing boliyan during weddings, and in Bengal, baul songs are sung by wandering singers.
3. Folk Dances
Folk dances are traditional dances performed by groups of people. These dances express emotions, tell stories, or celebrate events like harvest or festivals. For example:
- Bihu from Assam
- Garba from Gujarat
- Bhangra from Punjab
These dances are performed in colorful costumes and with traditional music.
4. Proverbs and Riddles
Proverbs are wise sayings that give advice or express a truth in a simple way. For example, “Slow and steady wins the race” is a proverb. In Hindi, a similar proverb is “धीरे-धीरे रे मना, धीरे सब कुछ होय।”
Riddles are questions or statements that have a hidden meaning and are used as a form of entertainment and learning. For example, “I have hands but no fingers, I strike but do not hurt. What am I?” The answer is “Clock.”
5. Folk Beliefs and Customs
These are beliefs and rituals that are followed by communities, often without written records. For example, some people believe that breaking a mirror brings bad luck, or tying a red thread on the wrist protects from evil. Customs like touching elders’ feet or fasting on certain days are also part of folk traditions.
6. Material Folklore
This includes physical objects made by people using traditional knowledge and skills. Examples include:
- Handmade pottery
- Folk paintings like Madhubani from Bihar
- Traditional dresses and jewelry
These reflect the creativity and lifestyle of local communities.
7. Folk Games and Children’s Rhymes
Children’s games and rhymes are also an important part of folklore. They are used to teach children language, culture, and morals. For example, Indian children play games like gilli-danda, kabaddi, and sing rhymes like “Machli jal ki rani hai.”
Conclusion
Folklore studies cover many genres that help us understand the life and culture of people. From stories and songs to dances and customs, each genre gives us a deep insight into human expression and society. Studying folklore not only helps us preserve our traditions but also teaches us to respect cultural diversity.