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(i) Relevance of Dialogue and Negotiation in the Contemporary World Introduction In today’s globalized world, dialogue and negotiation are essential tools for resolving conflicts, promoting peace, and building diplomatic relations. They help prevent violence, war, and social unrest by creating opportunities for mutual understanding and compromise. A. Importance of Dialogue and Negotiation in Conflict Resolution […]

(i) People’s Participation in Peace Process Introduction People’s participation in the peace process refers to the active involvement of individuals, communities, and civil society in conflict resolution, peace negotiations, and post-conflict rebuilding. Lasting peace is possible only when citizens, grassroots organizations, and social movements play a role in decision-making and reconciliation efforts. A. Importance of

Introduction Education plays a fundamental role in shaping societies, promoting peace, and preventing conflicts. A well-educated society is more likely to embrace tolerance, nonviolence, and social harmony. Mahatma Gandhi viewed education as a means for character-building, moral development, and self-reliance, emphasizing that true education should uplift individuals and create a just society. This essay critically

Introduction Thomas Weber, a scholar on Gandhian philosophy, described Satyagraha as a “viable, autonomy-producing method of conflict resolution”. This means that Satyagraha is not just an effective way to resolve conflicts nonviolently, but it also empowers individuals and communities to achieve self-rule and justice. Satyagraha, meaning “truth-force” or “soul-force,” is a method of nonviolent resistance

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Ahimsa (nonviolence) is often compared to pacifism, but the two have significant differences. While pacifism generally means opposition to war and violence, Gandhi’s Ahimsa goes beyond that—it is a proactive force for truth, justice, and moral transformation. Unlike passive non-resistance, Ahimsa is an active struggle that seeks to change the

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s journey to Noakhali (now in Bangladesh) in 1946 was one of his most significant and emotionally challenging peace missions. At the age of 77, he walked through riot-torn villages, promoting nonviolence, communal harmony, and reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. This mission was a direct response to the brutal communal violence that had

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s approach to conflict resolution was rooted in nonviolence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), and moral persuasion. Unlike traditional conflict resolution methods that rely on force, legal intervention, or compromise, Gandhi advocated for Satyagraha (truth-force)—a peaceful method that seeks to transform the hearts and minds of opponents rather than defeat them. Gandhian conflict resolution is

(i) Ideology of the Farmers’ Movements Introduction Farmers’ movements are organized struggles by agricultural communities to demand better economic policies, land rights, fair prices, and social justice. These movements arise due to exploitation by landlords, unfair government policies, and market instability. The ideology behind these movements is rooted in socialism, economic justice, and Gandhian principles

(i) Gandhi’s Views on Liquor Taxation Introduction Mahatma Gandhi was a strong opponent of alcohol consumption, considering it a social evil that led to poverty, crime, and moral degradation. His views on liquor taxation were linked to his broader philosophy of prohibition and social upliftment. He believed that the government should not profit from alcohol

Introduction The Civil Rights Movement in the United States (1950s–1960s) was a historic struggle for racial equality, justice, and desegregation led primarily by African Americans. The movement aimed to end racial discrimination, secure voting rights, and promote equal opportunities in education, employment, and public services. While the Democratic and Republican parties have evolved in their