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7. a) Unique Features of Australia’s Biodiversity Introduction Australia has one of the most unique and diverse ecosystems in the world, with over 80% of its plants, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians found nowhere else. Due to geographical isolation, climate variations, and distinct ecosystems, Australian biodiversity is highly specialized and vulnerable to environmental changes. However, climate […]

6. a) New Trends of Federalism in Australia Introduction Australia follows a federal system of government, where power is divided between the Commonwealth (federal) government, six states, and two territories. Over time, Australia’s federalism has evolved due to economic, political, and social changes, leading to new trends such as cooperative federalism, fiscal reforms, and digital

Introduction Australia has benefited immensely from globalization, with a strong economy built on trade, foreign investment, and international partnerships. As a resource-rich nation, Australia is a leading exporter of iron ore, coal, LNG, and agricultural products. Its trade partnerships with China, the US, Japan, India, and ASEAN have fueled economic growth. However, globalization also presents

Introduction Australia follows a federal system of government, where power is divided between the Commonwealth (federal) government, six states, and two territories. The Australian Constitution (1901) defines this division of power, ensuring a balance between national and regional governance. However, the functioning of Australian federalism is influenced by various factors, including financial distribution, intergovernmental relations,

Introduction China and Australia have one of the most significant economic partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by trade, investment, and resource exports. China is Australia’s largest trading partner, while Australia is a key supplier of raw materials, agricultural products, and education services to China. Despite strong economic ties, geopolitical tensions, trade disputes, and security

Introduction The United States-Australia relationship during the Cold War (1947-1991) was shaped by shared security interests, ideological alignment, and strategic cooperation against communism. As a close ally of the US, Australia played a key role in supporting American-led military operations, intelligence-sharing, and regional security initiatives to counter the Soviet Union and communist expansion in Asia.

Introduction Australia’s foreign policy is shaped by a combination of geopolitical, economic, historical, and security considerations. As a middle power, Australia plays a key role in regional and global affairs, balancing its alliances with Western nations (especially the US) and economic partnerships with Asian countries (notably China and India). Australia’s foreign policy objectives include national

Introduction Australia is a highly developed, multicultural, and urbanized nation, with a population that reflects its Indigenous heritage, European colonization, and waves of immigration from around the world. With a population of approximately 26 million people (2023), Australia has one of the highest living standards and life expectancy rates globally. The country’s demographics are shaped

8. a) Post-COVID China–Australia Relations Introduction The relationship between China and Australia has been marked by economic interdependence and political tensions, and the COVID-19 pandemic further strained ties. Before the pandemic, China was Australia’s largest trading partner, accounting for nearly 30% of Australia’s exports. However, Australia’s call for an independent investigation into the origins of

10. a) Indian Ocean and Australia Introduction The Indian Ocean is of strategic and economic importance to Australia, as it connects the country to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Australia is a key player in maritime security, trade, and regional diplomacy in the Indian Ocean region (IOR). With the rise of China’s influence, piracy