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Discuss ageing issues and challenges in middle adulthood

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Introduction Middle adulthood, typically ranging from ages 40 to 65, is a phase marked by significant physical, psychological, and social transitions. Although not considered old age, this period begins the process of ageing. Individuals face a range of issues including declining physical abilities, shifting family responsibilities, career transitions, and emotional adjustments. Understanding these ageing-related challenges […]

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Discuss social development during middle childhood

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Introduction Middle childhood, typically ranging from 6 to 12 years of age, is a critical period in a child’s social development. During this stage, children transition from a family-centered environment to more peer-influenced social contexts, such as schools and extracurricular activities. The development of social skills, self-concept, friendships, and moral reasoning becomes increasingly complex and

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Phonemes and morphemes

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Phonemes and Morphemes Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language that distinguish meaning (e.g., /b/ in “bat”). Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language (e.g., “un-” or “happy”). While phonemes focus on sound, morphemes carry meaning and can be words or parts of words.

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Benefits of multilingualism

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Benefits of Multilingualism Multilingualism offers several cognitive and social benefits. It enhances memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. Bilingual individuals often show greater mental flexibility and delayed onset of age-related cognitive decline. It also improves cultural awareness, communication skills, and opens up academic and professional opportunities in a globalized world.

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Relationship between creativity and intelligence

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Relationship Between Creativity and Intelligence Creativity and intelligence are related but distinct. Intelligence involves problem-solving and logical thinking, while creativity focuses on producing novel ideas. High intelligence may support creativity, but being creative doesn’t always require a high IQ. Research shows that beyond a certain intelligence threshold, personality and environment shape creativity more.

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Well-defined and Ill-defined problems

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Well-defined and Ill-defined Problems Well-defined problems have clear goals, rules, and solutions (e.g., math problems). Ill-defined problems lack specific parameters and may have multiple solutions (e.g., resolving a conflict). The difference lies in clarity—well-defined problems are structured, while ill-defined ones are open-ended and require creative or critical thinking.

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Principles of the information processing

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Principles of the Information Processing Information processing theory explains how humans encode, store, and retrieve information like a computer. Key principles include attention (selecting information), encoding (transforming input), storage (retaining data), and retrieval (recalling it when needed). It emphasizes sequential processing through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory systems.

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Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain

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Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Domain Bloom’s taxonomy classifies cognitive learning into six hierarchical levels: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating. It helps educators design lessons and assessments that promote deeper learning. Higher levels involve more complex thinking skills, progressing from basic knowledge recall to creative and critical problem-solving abilities.

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Role of hippocampus in memory

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Role of Hippocampus in Memory The hippocampus is a critical brain structure involved in forming, organizing, and storing new memories. It helps convert short-term memories into long-term ones, especially episodic and spatial memories. Damage to the hippocampus can lead to memory loss and difficulty in creating new memories (anterograde amnesia).

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Hebb’s Law

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Hebb’s Law Hebb’s Law, proposed by Donald Hebb in 1949, states that “cells that fire together, wire together.” It means that when two neurons are activated together repeatedly, the connection between them strengthens. This principle explains how learning and memory are formed through repeated neural activity and synaptic changes.

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